Dr. Sajib Datta

 char type technically is an integer type  Computer uses numeric codes to represent characters, and store characters as integers  The mostly commonly used code in the U.S. is the ASCII code

 A char variable takes 8-bit unit of memory (1 byte), which can be verified by sizeof()  C character constant: a single letter contained between single quotes  Example: ◦ char mych = 'a'; ◦ printf("%d", sizeof(char));

 char ch;  scanf(“%c”, &ch);  printf(“%c”, ch); // will print the character  printf(“%d”, ch); //will print?

 char letter1 = 'A';  char letter2 = 65;  printf("print the ASCII for 'A' - %d", letter1);// 65 will be printed  printf("print the char value for ‘A' - %c", letter2); // A will be printed  scanf("%c", &letter);// must read a character, even the input is a digit, it will be regarded as a character  scanf("%d", &letter);// fail – type must match  Not good programming to mix integer and char value, because it needs remembering ASCII for characters.

 Characters which can not be printed directly  Rather, some represent some actions such as backspacing or going to the next line or making the terminal bell ring.

◦ The basic form of the while loop is  while(test_condition)  do_something; ◦ As long as test is true, the loop will repeat. ◦ test_condition should be an expression. If it is nonzero, it’s a true condition, and do something. If it is zero, the while statement will be skipped. ◦ Give the test_condition a chance to change in do_something, otherise, the loop will run for ever ◦ In general, (1) define a variable outside while loop and (2) use it to compose the test_condition, and then (3) change the variable in do_something

◦ Input: 17 ◦ Output: ◦ #include ◦ int main(void) ◦ { ◦ int upbound; ◦ int i = 0; ◦ scanf("%d",&upbound); ◦ while(i <= upbound) ◦ { ◦ if (i % 2 == 0) ◦ printf("%d ", i); ◦ i++; ◦ } ◦ printf("\n"); ◦ return 0; ◦ }

◦ Print out a triangle. ◦ * ◦ ** ◦ *** ◦ ****

◦ Gathering three actions (initializing, testing, and updating) into one place ◦ The basic format:  for (expression1; expression2; expression)  do_something

◦ Notes:  The parentheses following the keyword for contain three expressions separated by two semicolons.  Expression1 is initialization. It’s done just once, when the for loop starts.  Expression2 is the test condition, and will be evaluated before each potential execution of a loop. When it’s false, the loop will be terminated.  Expression3, the change or update, is evaluated at the end of each loop.

 #include  int main(void)  {  int number = 4;  int count;  for (count = 1; count <= number; count++)  printf("The index of the loop is %d.\n", count);  return 0;  } Output: The index of the loop is 1. The index of the loop is 2. The index of the loop is 3. The index of the loop is 4. Press any key to continue...

 #include  int main(void)  {  int num;  printf(" n n square\n");  for (num = 1; num <= 4; num++)  printf(" %d %d\n", num, num*num);  return 0;  } Output: n n square Press any key to continue...

 #include  int main(void)  {  int num, start;  scanf("%d", &start);  printf("Print the five integers, starting from the input with a decrement of 3.\n");  for (num = 0; num <= 4; num++)  printf("%d\n", start-num*3);  return 0;  }

 *  **  ***  ****

 Example of declaring and initializing an array. ◦ double someData[3]; /* declare the array someData that will hold 3 doubles variables*/  /* later we can provide the specific array values. notice how the array index begins at 0 */  someData[0] = 3.5;  someData[1] = 4.0;  someData[2] = 9.34;

 We may also declare and initialize the array at the same time, so we don’t need to include the number of array elements in the square brackets.  double myData[] = {3.5, 4.0, 9.34};  Never access a variable in an array beyond the index bound!!!!

 If we initialize only some of the array values when the array is declared, the initialized values will be at the beginning of the array.  The remaining values will be initialized to zero for an array of int, “space” for an array of char.

 #include  int main(void)  {  int j, intarr[3] = {2,3};  char charr[3] = {'a', 'b'};  for (j = 0; j < 3; j++)  {  printf(" %d ", intarr[j]);  }  printf("\n");  for (j = 0; j < 3; j++)  {  printf(" %c ", charr[j]);  }  return 0;  }

 int n=19;  int iarr[n];  or  #define ARRAY_SIZE 19 // have it after #include  int iarr[ARRAY_SIZE];

 Given  int array1D[5] = { 32,44,33,12,65};  Output:  The min value is 12.  The max value is 65.

 #include  int main(void)  {  int i, min, max, array1D[5] = {32,44,33,12,65};  min = max = array1D[0];  for (i = 1; i < 5; i++)  {  if (array1D[i] > max)  max = array1D[i];  if (array1D[i] < min)  min = array1D[i];  }  printf("The min value is %d.\n", min);  printf("The max value is %d.\n", max);  return 0;  }

 Original sentence: I am at UTA  The reverse sentence: ATU ta ma I

 #include  int main(void)  {  int i;  char arraych[11] = {'I', ' ', 'a', 'm', ' ', 'a', 't', ' ', 'U', 'T', 'A'};  printf("Original sentence: ");  for (i = 0; i <= 10; i++)  printf("%c", arraych[i]);  printf("\n");  printf("The reverse sentence: ");  for (i = 10; i >=0; i--)  printf("%c", arraych[i]);  printf("\n");  return 0;  }