Melanoma Maligna Oleh : Marshal Agreno Pembimbing : dr. T. Farizal Fadil, Sp.B Dr. Iskandar, Sp.B(K)ONK Dr. Noer Faisal D, Sp.B(K)ONK.

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Presentation transcript:

Melanoma Maligna Oleh : Marshal Agreno Pembimbing : dr. T. Farizal Fadil, Sp.B Dr. Iskandar, Sp.B(K)ONK Dr. Noer Faisal D, Sp.B(K)ONK

 Melanoma maligna : neoplasma maligna yang berasal dari sel melanosit  Kulit  cutaneus malignan melanoma  Mukosa (rongga mulut, anus,vulva/vagina)  mucosal malignan melanoma  Melanosit  lapisan ektodermal  Antara stratum basalis epidermis dan stratum papilare dermis)

 Melanoma malignan  kanker ke-6 paling sering  USA  penderita baru/tahun  Terjadi pada usia semua usia  USA (2002) 475 kasus pada usia < 20 th  Insiden pada laki dan wanita hampir sama pada usia < 50 th  Usia > 50 th, insiden pada laki > wanita  Insiden pada laki 1 : 49  Perempuan 1 : 73

The lifetime risk of an individual American developing invasive melanoma has been steadily increasing since 1935

 Faktor resiko  Kulit putih  Eksposure ultraviolet (uVA dan uVB)  Lesi congenital (giant congenital nevi, atypical nevi/dysplastic nevi)  Sdh pernah menderita melanoma  Xeroderma pigmentosa

 Mutasi genetik  melanoma maligna  Mutasi kromosom 1,6,7,9,10,11  Mutasi kromosom 9p21  familial susceptabilty melanoma maligna  Mutasi kromosom 10 dan 11  melanoma maligna kutaneus  Mutasi gen B-raf  60-70% penderita melanoma maligna

Diagnosis  Gatal  ABCDEF Rule  Asymetry of the lesion  Border irregularity  Color variation  Diameter > 6 mm  Existing melanocytic nevi with recent change in color,size dan shape  Finding a new pigmented lesion, especially in person > 40 years

The ABCD features of early melanoma. a) Asymmetry of early melanoma; b) Border irregularity of early melanoma; c) Color variegation of early melanoma; d) Diameter of early melanoma of approximately 6 mm.

Amelanotic melanoma. Note red color and lack of melanin pigmentation

 Berdasarkan klasifikasi histopatologi :  Melanoma in situ  Lentigo malignan melanoma (LMM)  Superficial spreading malignan melanoma (SSM)  Nodular malignan melanoma (NMM)  Acral lentigenous melanoma (ALM)  Melanoma yg tidak terklasifikasi (MM, NOS)

 Desmoplastic melanoma  Eptheloid cell melanoma  Spindle cell melanoma  Ballon cell melanoma  Blue nevus malignan  Malignan melanoma in giant pigmented nevi

Gambaran klinis  Lentigo malignan melanoma (LMM)  4-10%  > dimuka dan tempat yg terexpose matahari  Waktu lama  invasive  > wanita usia > 50 th  Lesi coklat kehitaman, iregular, permukaan rata  Prognosis baik

 Superficial spreading malignan melanoma  Sering dijumpai (70%)  Timbul dari nevus yg sdh ada  Laki > pada badan  Wanita pada ekstremitas  Lesi bertumbuh radiair dan horizontal, tepi tidak teratur, warna bervariasi

 Nodular malignan melanoma (NMM)  Tipe ke-2 tersering (15-30%)  Invasive > cepat  Berbentuk setengah bola (dome shape)  > punggung (laki)  > uV lebih akut

 Acral lentigenous malignan melanoma (ALM)  Dijumpai pada kaki, telapak kaki, tumit, telapak tangan, dasar kuku, ibu jari tangan  Populasi > kulit hitam (35-60%)  Kulit putih 2-8%  >> ukuran besar

 Amelanotic melanoma  Jarang dijumpai  Diagnosis sulit  tidak ada pigmentasi  Tepi tidak teratur, ukuran > besar  > dijumpai pada mukosa anus  Dx pasti  biopsi

 Desmoplastic melanoma  Jarang dijumpai  Sel melanoma berbentuk spindel  Sel melanosit berbentuk fusiform  Sering rekuren

Klasifikasi micro-staging  Klasifikasi Clark  Level 1 : sel melanoma masih terdapat pada epidermis (membran basalis intak)  Level 2 : sel melanoma menembus membran basalis – stratum papilaris  Level 3 : sel melanoma menginvasi sampai perbatasan antara stratum papilaris dan stratum retikularis dermis

 Level 4 : sel melanoma menginvasi sampai dengan stratum retikularis dermis  Level 5 : sel melanoma menginvasi sampai jaringan subkutan atau lebih

 Klasifikasi Breslow  Level 1 : sel melanoma menginvasi sampai kedalaman < 0,76 mm  Level 2 : sel melanoma menginvasi sampai kedalaman 0,76-1,5 mm  Level 3 : sel melanoma menginvasi sampai kedalaman >1,5 mm

Stadium menurut AJCC 2009 T Classification ThicknessUlceration status TisN/A T1≤ 1.0mm a: w/o ulceration and mitosis < 1 / mm 2 b: with ulceration and mitosis ≥ 1 / mm 2 T mm a: w/o ulceration b: with ulceration T mm a: w/o ulceration b: with ulceration T4> 4.0mm a: w/o ulceration b: with ulceration

N Classification# of Metastatic NodesNodal Metastatic Mass N0No evidence of lymph node metastasis N11 node a: micrometastasis b: macrometastasis N22-3 nodes a: micrometastasis b: macrometastasis c: In transit metastases/satellites without metastatic nodes N3 4 or more metastatic nodes, or matted nodes, or in-transit metastases/satellites and metastatic nodes

M ClassificationSiteSerum LDH M0 No evidence of metastasis to distant tissues or organs M1a Distant skin, subcutaneous or nodal metastases Normal M1bLung metastasesNormal M1c All other visceral metastases Or any distant metastases Normal Elevated

Staging melanoma  Stage 0 : TisN0M0  Stage I :  Stage IA : T1aN0M0  Stage IB :T1bN0M0 atau T2aN0M0

 Stage II :  Stage IIA : T2bN0M0 atau T3aN0M0  Stage IIB : T3bN0M0 atau t4aN0M0  Stage IIC : T4bN0M0

 Stage III  Stage IIIA: T1-T4a N1aM0 or T1-T4aN2aM0  Stage IIIB: T1-T4bN1aM0, T1-T4bN2aM0, T1-T4aN1bM0, T1- T4aN2bM0, or T1-T4a/bN2cM0  Stage IIIC: T1-4bN1bN0, T1-4bN2bM0, or T1-4a/bN3M0

 Stage IV : any T any N M1  Subclasses of Stage IV MelanomaStage IV melanomas do not include any T or N classification:  M1a: the tumor has metastasized to distant skin, the subcutaneous layer or to distant lymph nodes. Serum LDH is normal.  M1b: the tumor has metastasized to the lungs. Serum LDH is normal.  M1c:  The tumor has metastasized to vital organs other than the lungs and serum LDH is normal, or  There are any distant metastases with elevated LDH

Pemeriksaan penunjang  Radiologi : X-Ray, Ro thoraks, USG abdomen, CT Scan, PET Scan  Epiluminescence microscopy ( pigmented lesions are examined insitu, under immersion oil, using a dermatoscope )  Laboratorium : fungsi hati, LDH  Sitologi & Patologi

Epiluminescence as a diagnostic aid for detecting melanoma. a) Clinical appearance of melanoma; b) Dermatoscopic photo of same lesion showing numerous subsurface features of melanoma.

Terapi  Terapi lesi primer  pembedahan NoDiagnosis MMSurgical Safety Margin 1Melanoma Maligna Insitu0,5 cm 2Breslow < 0,76 mm1 cm 3Breslow 0,76-1,5 mm1,5 cm 4Breslow > 1,5 mm2 cm 5SubungualAmputasi proximal dari distal interphalangeal joint 6Jika ada infiltrasi tulangAmputasi dari extremitas

 Metastase KGB regional  Ektremitas bawah  diseksi inguinal superfisial  Ektremitas atas  diseksi aksila sampai level III  Leher  diseksi leher radikal (MRND /SLND + radioterapi)

 Tumor rekuren  Rekurensi  lokasi tumor primer + KGB regional  Masih operabel  re-eksisi  Tidak operable  terapi radiasi  Prognosis buruk

 In-transit metastasis  Suatu rekurensi yg terjadi antara tumor primer dan KGB regional  Terjadi pada dermis atau jaringan subkutan  Insiden 5-10%  Berasal dari intra lymphatic rekuren  >> ektremitas inferior

 In-transit metastase soliter  eksisi luas  Multipel   Hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion  Intra arterial terapi  Local ablation  Local immunotherapy  radiotherapy

Metastase jauh  Pembedahan  metastasectomy untuk lesi metastase soliter dan masih operabel  Metastase paru soliter  Metastase intestinum yg soliter (isolated)  Metastase serebral soliter  Metastase hepar soliter

 Pembedahan paliatif  Pembedahan pada metastase usus  obstruktif  Metastase rekuren setelah metastasectomy

 Radioterapi  Tergantung lokasi dan toleransi jaringan sekitar metastase  Pemberian dgn dosis fraksinasi yg lebih tinggi pada jaringan sekitar yg baik (dermis/subkutan)  memberikan hasil yg lebih baik

 Kemoterapi  Dacarbazine, Pacitaxel, Dectaxel, temozolomide, Darmaouth regiment (cisplatin, carmustine, tamoxifen)  Vaksi dan bioterapi  Pemberian BCG (morton) yg digunakan pada melanoma maligna dermis  hasil baik

 Tumor vaksin  Sel-sel melanoma maligna yg diradiasi yg didapatkan dari pasien sendiri  Completelyor partialy purified melanoma antigen  Membran sel tumor yg terinfeksi oleh virus (viral oncolysates)  Hasil masih kontroversi

 Terapi seluler (Rosenberg et al)  Menyuntikan sel limfosit dan dendritic yg diambil dari tumor infiltrating lymphosit pasien sendiri setelah dihibrinasi dgn antigen melanoma  Imunoterapi  Pemberian interferon alpha 2a dan 2b, IL2  Single antigen atau kombinasi dgn kemoterapi

TERIMA KASIH