POWER ELECTRONICS An Introduction Er. FARUK BIN POYEN Dept. of AEIE, UIT, BU, BURDWAN, WB, INDIA

Contents: 1.Definition 2.History 3.Classification of Power Electronic Devices 4.Power Semiconductor Switches 5.Power Electronics System 6.Scope of Power Electronics 7.Advantages 8.Drawbacks 9.Applications 10.Major Issues of Concern in Power Electronics 9/8/2016 POWER ELECTRONICS - INTRODUCTION Er. FARUK BIN POYEN 2

Definition: Power Electronics is the subject concerning the application of principles of electronics at high rated power levels and not signal levels. It is the technology of conversion, control and conditioning of electric power into a desired electrical output. It is the conglomeration of control system, electronics and power systems. 9/8/2016 POWER ELECTRONICS - INTRODUCTION Er. FARUK BIN POYEN 3

Interdisciplinary Nature of Power Electronics 9/8/2016 POWER ELECTRONICS - INTRODUCTION Er. FARUK BIN POYEN 4 Range of power scale :

Contributing Areas Electronics – Deals with solid – state devices and signal processing circuits. Power System – Deals with static and rotating power equipment. Control System – Deals with steady state and dynamic characteristics of closed – loop system. 9/8/2016 POWER ELECTRONICS - INTRODUCTION Er. FARUK BIN POYEN 5

General Structure of Power Electronic System 9/8/2016 POWER ELECTRONICS - INTRODUCTION Er. FARUK BIN POYEN 6

History of Power Electronic Devices 9/8/2016 POWER ELECTRONICS - INTRODUCTION Er. FARUK BIN POYEN 7

1882: J. Jasmin (French) discovered semiconductance. 1892: L. Arons (German) invented the first mercury arc vacuum valve. 1901: P. C. Hewitt (U.S) developed the first arc valve. 1906: J. A. Fleming (U.S) invented the first vacuum diode. 1907: L. Forest (U.S) invented vacuum triode. 1921: F. W. Meyer (German) formulated the main principles of power electronics. 1948: J. Bardeen, W. H. Brattain and W. B. Shockley (U.S) invented transistor. 1960: J. Moll (U.S) & team invented silicon – based thyristors – 90: MOSFET, UJT, GTO were developed. 1990s: IGBT was developed. 9/8/2016 POWER ELECTRONICS - INTRODUCTION Er. FARUK BIN POYEN 8

Classification of Power Electronic Devices 9/8/2016 POWER ELECTRONICS - INTRODUCTION Er. FARUK BIN POYEN 9

Power Electronics Uncontrolled device: diode (2 terminals, uncontrolled by control signal) Half – controlled device: thyristor (turned on by control signal but turned off by power circuit) Fully – controlled device: Power MOSFET, IGBT, GTO, IGCT (on and off both by control signals) 9/8/2016 POWER ELECTRONICS - INTRODUCTION Er. FARUK BIN POYEN 10

Power Semiconductor Switches Power Diodes 1.P – N Junction Diode 2.Fast Recovery Diode 3.Schottky Diode Power Transistor 1.Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) 2.Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) 3.Insulated Gate Biased Transistor (IGBT) 4.Unijunction Transistor (UJT) 5.Static Induction Transistor (SIT) 6.MOS – controlled Thyristor (MCT) 9/8/2016 POWER ELECTRONICS - INTRODUCTION Er. FARUK BIN POYEN 11

Thyristors 1.Phase Controlled Thyristors (SCR) 2.Bidirectional Phase Controlled Thyristors (BCT) 3.Fast Switching Thyristors (SCR) 4.Light Activated (LASCR) 5.Bidirectional Diode Thyristors (DIAC) 6.Bidirectional Triode Thyristors (TRIAC) 7.Silicon Unilateral Switch (SUS) 8.Silicon Controlled Switch (SCS) 9.Light Activated SCS (LASCS) 10.Programmable Unijunction Transistor (PUT) 11.Reverse Conducting Thyristor (RCT) 9/8/2016 POWER ELECTRONICS - INTRODUCTION Er. FARUK BIN POYEN 12

12. Gate Turn – Off Thyristor (GTO) 13. Gate Assited Turn – Off Thyristor (GATT) 14. FET – controlled Thyristor (FET - CTH) 15. Silicon Bilateral Switch (SBS) 16. MOS Controlled Thyristor (MCT) 17. Static Induction Thyristor (SITH) 18. MOS Turn – off Thyristor (MTO) 19. Emitter Turn – Off Thyristor (ETO) 20. Integrated Gate – Communicated Thyristor (IGCT) 21. Gate assisted Turn – Off Thyristor (GAT) 22. Asymmetrical Thyristor (ASCR) 9/8/2016 POWER ELECTRONICS - INTRODUCTION Er. FARUK BIN POYEN 13

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Other Category Classification 9/8/2016 POWER ELECTRONICS - INTRODUCTION Er. FARUK BIN POYEN 15

Devices under Categories 9/8/2016 POWER ELECTRONICS - INTRODUCTION Er. FARUK BIN POYEN 16

POWER ELECTRONIC SWITCHING DEVICES 9/8/2016 POWER ELECTRONICS - INTRODUCTION Er. FARUK BIN POYEN 17

Power Electronics System 9/8/2016 POWER ELECTRONICS - INTRODUCTION Er. FARUK BIN POYEN 18

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Power Electronic Converters 9/8/2016 POWER ELECTRONICS - INTRODUCTION Er. FARUK BIN POYEN 20

Scope of Power Electronics 9/8/2016 POWER ELECTRONICS - INTRODUCTION Er. FARUK BIN POYEN 21

Power and Frequency Rating of Power Devices 9/8/2016 POWER ELECTRONICS - INTRODUCTION Er. FARUK BIN POYEN 22

Characteristics of Ideal Switch Turns On – Off in zero time. ON state, Zero voltage drop, High current. OFF state, Zero current flow. Withstand high voltage. Zero power dissipation. Little power for controlling. High reliability. Small size and weight. No maintenance. 9/8/2016 POWER ELECTRONICS - INTRODUCTION Er. FARUK BIN POYEN 23

Advantages of Power Electronic Converters High efficiency High reliability Long life and less maintenance Fast dynamic response Small size and less weight & cost. 9/8/2016 POWER ELECTRONICS - INTRODUCTION Er. FARUK BIN POYEN 24

Drawbacks of Power Electronics Harmonics generating tendency Power regeneration is difficult Low overload capacity. AC – DC & AC – AC converters operate at low i/p power factors. 9/8/2016 POWER ELECTRONICS - INTRODUCTION Er. FARUK BIN POYEN 25

Power Electronics Applications 9/8/2016 POWER ELECTRONICS - INTRODUCTION Er. FARUK BIN POYEN 26

Applications: Industrial Transportation Utility systems Power supplies for all kinds of electronic equipment Residential and home appliances Space technology Other applications 9/8/2016 POWER ELECTRONICS - INTRODUCTION Er. FARUK BIN POYEN 27

Sector wise Applications: Industrial applications 1.Motor drives 2.Electrolysis 3.Electroplating 4.Induction heating Transportation applications 1.Trains & locomotives 2.Subways 3.Trolley buses 4.Magnetic levitation 5.Electric vehicles 6.Automotive electronics 9/8/2016 POWER ELECTRONICS - INTRODUCTION Er. FARUK BIN POYEN 28

Sector wise Applications: Utility systems 1.High-voltage dc transmission(HVDC) 2.Flexible ac transmission(FACTS) 3.Static VAR (volt-ampere reactive) compensation & harmonics suppression: TCR, TSC, SVG, APF 4.Custom power & power quality control Power supplies for all kinds of electronic equipment 1.Telecommunications 2.Computers 3.Office equipment 4.Electronic instruments 9/8/2016 POWER ELECTRONICS - INTRODUCTION Er. FARUK BIN POYEN 29

Sector wise Applications: Residential and home appliances 1.Lighting 2.Heating 3.Air conditioning 4.Refrigeration & freezers 5.Cooking 6.Cleaning Space technology 1.Spaceship power systems 2.Satellite power systems 3.Space vehicle power systems 9/8/2016 POWER ELECTRONICS - INTRODUCTION Er. FARUK BIN POYEN 30

Sector wise Applications: Other Applications 1.Nuclear reactor control 2.Power systems for particle accelerators 3.Environmental engineering 9/8/2016 POWER ELECTRONICS - INTRODUCTION Er. FARUK BIN POYEN 31

Major Issues of Concern in Power Electronics How to meet the requirement of the load or gain better control of the load How to improve the efficiency --for reliable operation of power semiconductor devices --for energy saving How to realize power conversion with less volume, less weight, and less cost How to reduce negative influence to other equipment in the electric power system and to the electromagnetic environment 9/8/2016 POWER ELECTRONICS - INTRODUCTION Er. FARUK BIN POYEN 32

Major topics for the devices Appearance, structure, and symbol Physics of operation Characteristics 1.Static characteristics 2.Switching characteristics Specification Special issues Devices of the same family 9/8/2016 POWER ELECTRONICS - INTRODUCTION Er. FARUK BIN POYEN 33

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