 HomeVideo & Cinema in the Digital Age RTV 151

Three kinds of reception  By air  NTSC  By conduit  Cable, satellite, IPTV  By hand  VCRs, VCDs, DVDs

What’s Missing?  Mobile media  Connected devices  ‘The Cloud’ / Internet video viewing  3D-TV  4K TV

Home Video: Monitors  CRT  Projection  Plasma  LCD  DLP  LED  OLED

Home Video: Digital files  The Cloud  Virtual DVR  Connected device  Smart TV  Access to all content  Always VOD  Linear vs. non-linear programming

Digital Video: licensing  Netflix, HuluPlus  Traditional TV networks  Specialty networks  Replacement of MVPDs  Digital copyright protections—Netflix example

 Local Market Broadcasting and TV Programming Legacy Media licensing

Traditional TV service  210 Local TV markets  In a local market  Independent (KDFI, 27 ‘My Network TV’) (68, KPXD, ION)  Network affiliate (WFAA, Belo-owned)  O&O (4, 5, 11)  Difference for LPTV  Sources of programming  Local, network, syndicated, paid

TV Dayparts  overnight 1-6 am; early morning 6-9 am  daytime 9-3; early fringe / late afternoon 3-5  early evening 5-6; access 6-7note time zone variations  prime time 7-10  late fringe  late night

Types of scheduling  Stripping  Checkerboarding  Daypart differences / prime-time vs. not  Stacking, blocking  Lead off, hammocking, lead-in, tent-poling  Stunting (sweeps)

Basics of network operation  Original benefit vs. today  High cost programming / national audience  Network compensation  Value of station / network-affiliate relations  O&O  ‘Hybrid networks’ Univision, PAX / ION  ‘Hybrid IPTV' services – Operators use either digital or satellite for linear TV and broadband for on-demand content

Basics of network operation  ABC, NBC, CBS, Fox, CW – how much do they need their local stations?  How can local TV survive?  Multicasting?  Cable cost + streaming option?  Distinction of ABC, NBC, CBS, Fox vs. ESPN, CNN, MTV, HBO  A ‘cable network’ is not a network  Mobile media – national or local?

TV syndication  ‘Off Network’  Big Bang Theory, Raymond, How I Met…  Seinfeld, Frasier, Friends  Classic TV shows  First Run  Minimum number of markets  Group owner impact  Specific genres  Cash / Barter

National TV  genres of TV programs--sit-coms, dramas, mini-series, made for TV movies, theatricals, variety shows, game shows, reality shows  Production costs  Reality hour: $300K - $1 million  Sit-com half hour: $750K - $2M  Drama hour: $1.5M - $2M  Co-production & deficit financing

Cinema  Our book provides a basic history of the technological development…  This is to go along with that…

 Film History The Beginnings

Three Ways to Look at Film History Technology Art Business

Inventors  Early film is a result of inventors, not artists.

Persistence of Vision  The ability of the brain to retain an image a split second longer than the eye actually sees it.  If we see 16 individual images in rapid succession the brain connects them to make a fluid sequence of movement.  BUT NOT…  ‘Apparent Motion’

Toy Makers  Toy makers used this theory to create hand held machines that were the basis of film development.

Zoetrope  Circular drum with slits.  allows moments of darkness.  creates illusion of movement.  1834 by William Horner.

Experimentation  Was going on in many countries at the same time.  France, Germany, England, and the U.S. all claim to have invented the movies.

 Photography Had to have photography before motion pictures

Important Dates  1816  Nicephore Niepce made first photographic images.  1839  Louis Daguerre created clear, sharp images on silver copperplate.  Required 15 minutes exposure time.  1841  Only 3 minutes needed for exposure. Daguerre Self-portrait

Eadweard Muybridge  1872  Set up 12 cameras along a track, tied strings to the shutters which were tripped as the horse ran down the track.  Created movement with photography.

Etienne-Jules Marey  1882  Invents “photographic gun.”  Lens in the muzzle, paper in the chamber.  Pull trigger and have 12 rapid exposures.  Eventually 100 exposures.

George Eastman  1884  Developed celluloid film.  Originally created for the still camera, it made motion pictures possible.  Flexible and allows light to pass through. Eastman and Edison make movies

 1889  William Dickson (working for Thomas Edison) begins using celluloid film.  First film in America. Fred Ott’s Sneeze

 Motion Picture Photography Solved! Filmmakers now had to find a way to show their images.

Kinetoscope 1889  October 1889 Dickson shows Edison projection with sound.  Quality is poor.  Edison opts for silent, individual showings of films.  Invents Kinetoscope. Kinetoscope Open

Kinetoscope  Kinetoscopes were set up in parlors.  You would see dancing, juggling, clowning, wonders of the world, a few re-enactments.  No stories yet. Kinetoscope Closed

Thomas Edison  Despite Edison’s shortsightedness in mass projection he did leave his mark on motion pictures.  He contributed sprocket holes on film.  Black Maria.  First movie studio.

Black Maria  Camera could only move forward and backward.  Roof opened to allow sunlight in.  Building rotated to catch sun’s rays.  Camera used electricity.

These are a few of the contributions from America. The history now goes back to Europe.

 Projection Projection was a difficult problem to solve. Its roots go back as far as 1646.

Magic Lantern  1646  Father Athanasius Kircher made drawings of a box that could reproduce an image through a lens.  Ancestor of present day slide projector.

18th Century  Showmen travel across Europe showing magic lantern shows.  Used drawn images in the beginning.  Eventually used photographs. Phantasmagoria

19th Century  Photo plays drew viewers to a story just as film does today.  Combination of magic lantern shows, live actors, and photography.  Some lasted up to 2 hours and told melodramatic stories.  Proved the potential of projected film.

Projection Problems  Projector needs a powerful light source to make images clear.  Film has to run smoothly past this light source without tearing. Vitascope Projector

Late 19th Century  Discovered intermittent movement was needed (similar to Zoetrope slits).  Each frame stops briefly in front of the light source.  Ended problem of the light source and tearing.  Created problem of burning film.  Invented cooling system (similar to today’s).

Lumiere Brothers  1894  Tinker with Edison’s Kinetoscope.  Designed their own machine within a year. Auguste and Louis

Cinematographe  Machine shot the pictures, printed them, and projected them.  The camera was portable.  A hand crank provided the power.

December 28, 1895  First theater opens to the paying public.  Basement of a Paris café.  Lumieres’ show:  Workers leaving the Lumiere Factory.  Arrival at Lyon.  A Baby’s Meal.