Photosynthesis Its not always greener? O2O2 CO 2 Anthocyanins Carotene Xanthophylls

Chloroplasts A chloroplast is a complex, lens- shaped structure, or organelle, contained in the cytoplasm of plant cells. It is a member of family of similar plant organelles called plastids.. Photosynthesis Chloroplasts have submicroscopic, disk-like bodies, called grana, that hold in the green pigment chlorophyll, and other enzymes which contribute to the overall photosynthetic production of food

Light travels as packets of energy called photons and is absorbed in this form by light-absorbing chlorophyll molecules, chlorophyll is the only substance in nature able to trap and store the energy of sunlight, embedded in the thylakoid disks. Photosynthesis These stacks are known as grana. When the chlorophyll molecules absorb the photons, they emit electrons. The free electrons are then taken up by molecules in the stroma to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ATP is the chemical energy "currency" of the cell that powers the cell's metabolic activities. In the stroma, photosynthesis occurs.

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the process in which green plants use the energy of sunlight in the presence of chlorophyll, to transform low-energy carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and water (H 2 O) into glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) a high- energy carbohydrate. 6 CO H 2 O energy (from sunlight) C 6 H 12 O O 2 Photosynthesis Formula (CO2) (H2O) O2

Cellular Respiration Does a cell really breath? O2O2 CO 2

Cellular Respiration An important cellular organelle is the mitochondrion. Outer Membrane Cristae Inner Membrane Mitochondria (many mitochondrion) are often referred to as the “power plants” of the cell because many of the reactions that produce energy take place in mitochondria.

C 6 H 12 O O 2 enzymes 6 CO H 2 O Cellular Respiration Formula Cellular Respiration O2O2 CO 2 H2OH2O Sandwich C 6 H 12 O 6

Photosynthesis vs Cellular Respiration C 6 H 12 O O 2 enzymes 6 CO H 2 O Cellular Respiration Formula 6 CO H 2 O energy (from sunlight) C 6 H 12 O O 2 Photosynthesis Formula The reactant of one is the product of the other Reactant Product The product of one is the reactant of the other

Adenosine Triphosphate When ATP loses a phosphate it becomes ADP. This loss of a phosphate at the high energy bond releases energy. This energy is used by the cell to carry out its functions. Adenine + Ribose = Adenosine 3 Phosphates = Triphosphate

Glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen. In the presence of oxygen, (aerobic), glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration. Without oxygen, (anaerobic), glycolysis allows cells to make small amounts of ATP. This process is called fermentation. Glycolysis literally means "splitting sugars." Glucose, a six carbon sugar, is split into two molecules of a three carbon sugar. In the process, two molecules of ATP and two "high energy" electron carrying molecules are produced. HOHO C C H HH C C C C O H H H HH HO Pyruvate Glucose HO C C C H O H H H C C C H O H H H C C C H O H H H

Glycolysis With Oxygen 2 ATP 34 ATP 2ATP Without Oxygen Plants Animals Net ATP through Aerobic = 36 ATP It cost 2 ATP to Make The 38 ATP

Autotrophs vs Heterotrophs Plants are autotrophs because they get their energy directly from the sun (Photosynthesis). All autotrophs are producers, being a producer means that an organism produces its own energy or (food) Animals are Heterotrophs because they do not get their energy directly from the sun. Heterotrophs are consumers because they must consume food to convert to energy. Consumers can be primary, secondary & tertiary consumers.

Cell Energy Test In what organelle does Cellular Respiration Occur ? Write out the formula for Photosynthesis ? Write out the formula for Cellular Respiration ? What does ATP stand for ? What is the most effective way to produce ATP by aerobic or anaerobic means ? In what organelle does Photosynthesis Occur ? What is the most effective way to produce ATP by aerobic means, the Krebs cycle or Electron Transport Chain ? What is the net number of ATP produced by aerobic means ? What does Glycolysis mean ? What is an autotroph ? In the chloroplast In the Mitochondrion 6 CO H 2 O energy (from sunlight) C 6 H 12 O O 2 C 6 H 12 O O 2 enzymes 6 CO H 2 O Aerobic Electron Transport Chain Adenosine Triphosphate 36 splitting sugars An organism that make its own energy