Ch History and Government

Early Civilizations- Migration South  2000 B.C- migration to Africa south of the Sahara due to climate shift- Hot and drier  Originally a mild and wet climate Good for animals and agricultureGood for animals and agriculture  After shift - forests die out - rivers dry up - rivers dry up  Move south – Skills- crops Skills- crops Animals Animals

Results of Climate shift  Domestication Animals Animals Plants Plants Shifted from hunter-gatherers to agricultureShifted from hunter-gatherers to agriculture

Northeast Africa-Egypt  Civilizations begin around water  Nile Valley= Egyptian civilization  Egyptian Culture spread south developing the Kushite Kingdom  Kingdom of Kush= Modern day Sudan

West Africa- Ghana Trading  Ghana- one of the earliest trading kingdoms -700 A.D.  Traded gold for salt  Salt was highly valued-- brought from north Africa; had to cross the Sahara to access it  Ghana- plenty of gold- ex- dog collars ex- dog collars  Trading system- Taxed all items coming into the country( tariffs)  Ghana later succeeded by Mali Timbuktu: Wealthiest city, known for libraries Timbuktu: Wealthiest city, known for libraries

European Colonization  What drove Europeans to Africa? Natural resources Nationalism “White man’s burden”  Europeans trade with Africans dating all the way back to 1200’s- gold, salt  1600’s-1700s- intense trading with Africa  Gold, ivory, textiles and ENSLAVED WORKERS

Slave Trade in Africa  Historically- Chiefs and kings-> trade prisoners of war  African slaves-> Arab traders since 800 A.D.  European interest=Increase in slave trade  Slaves brought to America- plantations( sugar, tobacco, cotton)  Slaves captured and sold  North Atlantic slave trade

Slave Trade

What was so attractive about Africa?  Raw materials-rubber, minerals…  New market- can sell their manufactured goods  By 1914– all countries claimed except for South Africa, Liberia and Ethiopia  When setting up colonies, Europeans created boundary lines that cut ethnic groups pitting African group against one another.

Europe’s impact of Africa  Placing new govt.-> taking it away and forced to self rule  Nationalism  Language  Culture  Power Vacuum –Ex- Mom and Dad leave, who is in charge?  Poverty  Natural resources- extracted  Late growth/industrialization

On a Positive Note  Africans benefited from: Educational opportunities Educational opportunities City development- urbanization City development- urbanization  Mid 1900’s- independence movements Africans originally had little to no involvement in governmentAfricans originally had little to no involvement in government Europeans were selfish- concerned with raw materials, not colonists needs Europeans were selfish- concerned with raw materials, not colonists needs

Nigeria  1914: British colony of Nigeria is formed Made of several small ethnic regions Made of several small ethnic regions North: centuries old Islamic influenceNorth: centuries old Islamic influence South: Traditional African religions and ChristianitySouth: Traditional African religions and Christianity United to resist British rule United to resist British rule

More on Nigeria  1960: Gains independence  1967: East secedes Civil war Civil war  1970s: harsh military rule  1980s: brief civilian rule before return to military dictatorship  return to civilian rule  21 st century: religious tensions

The Congo  1914: Belgian Congo and French Equatorial Africa  1960: Independence Congo Republic, Central African Republic and Zaire Zaire ruled by Dictator Mombutu Seseko  1997: Democratic Republic of the Congo

South Africa  Early 1900’s- independent of British rule  White minority ran the government and implemented Apartheid.  Apartheid –Separation of races in south Africa- minority white to majority black Non-whites denied:Non-whites denied: political rights political rights Equal education, jobs, housing Equal education, jobs, housing Lived in segregated communities Lived in segregated communities

End of Apartheid  1990’s- political unrest  Nelson Mandela became the leader in ending apartheid after being released from his 27 year sentence in jail  first election with universal suffrage- everyone of legal age and citizenship can vote- Mandela was elected  Progress was made- South Africa= democracy

Why was Mandela imprisoned?  The South African courts convicted him on charges of sabotage, as well as other crimes committed while he led the movement against apartheid South African courtsSouth African courts