(Infants & Children)

 Age ___=50% greater in height than from birth  Age ___=75% greater in height than from birth  Grow in spurts  Gain “baby fat” until about 9 months, then get slimmer (helps maintain constant body temp.)  Girls slightly shorter and lighter than boys  Birth-2 yrs=skull growth is especially rapid b/c of large increases in the brain  First tooth=___ months old (2 yrs=____ teeth)

 As neurons (nerve cells that store/ transmit information) form connections, stimulation becomes vital to their survival: “use it or lose it” concept

 Two types of brain development:  Experience-______________ brain growth  Ordinary learning experiences  “Expected” by brain to grow normally  Examples: opportunities to see & touch objects, explore the environment  Experience-______________ brain growth  Specific learning experiences, varies widely  Examples: reading & writing, learning to play the violin, learning to weave  “Rushing” this can harm the brain by overwhelming it

 Newborn baby=round-the-clock naps that total __________ hrs/day  2 yr olds=total _________ hrs of sleep/day  Most 6- to 9-month olds=2 daytime naps  18 months=1 nap  3-5 yr olds=napping subsides  Sleep moves to an adult-like night-day schedule during the ______________.

Organ damage Learning & behavior affected Food insecurity Growth faltering-weight, height, & head circumference is substantially below norms (failure to grow normally) Affection & stimulation=necessary Breastfeeding vs bottle-feeding 60% of 1 yr olds ate candy 1x/day! 3,000 US parents of 4-24 mth olds reported they routinely served them FF, pizza, candy, sugary fruit drinks, & soda Height & weight Genetic make up ___________________ __________

 ___________-change in behavior as a result of experience  _____________________  Stimulus--response (a.k.a. Pavlov’s dog experiment)  _____________________  Spontaneous behavior is followed by a stimulus that increases the chances that the behavior will occur again  Reinforcers/punishment  ________________  Gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation (“over-used/bored”)  ________________  Copying the behavior of another person

Definitions:  ________________ development-control over actions that help infants get around in the environment; large muscles (legs)  ________________ development-smaller movements; small muscles (hands/fingers)

Gross motor development Fine motor development

 __________________________________-mastery of motor skills involving increasingly complex systems of action  Separate abilities blend together, each cooperating with others to produce more effective ways of exploring the environment  Examples: kicking, rocking on a fours, and reaching…all combine to become “crawling”

 When a skill is first acquired, it must be refined  Motor mastery involves intense __________  Having babies sleep on their backs to prevent SIDS delays gross motor milestones of rolling, sitting, and crawling (Majnemer & Barr, 2005: Scrutton, 2005)  Because of “Back To Sleep,” it is important that babies have regular exposure to ________ time

 Steps in Reaching and Grasping:  ______________  newborn ________  ______________ grasp of adult’s finger when placed in the infant’s palm  ___________________  poorly coordinated, primitive movements of newborns  ____________  3-4 months old  with two hands, then one  _________ Grasp  clumsy grasp of the young infant, in which the fingers close against the palm  move objects from hand to hand  __________ Grasp  the end of the 1 st year  well-coordinated thumb & index finger opposition

 Children need to be able to consistently identify the signals of a full bladder/rectum and wait for the right place to relieve themselves  This usually takes place several months after the child turns 2 years old (a.k.a. “potty training”)  Effective training techniques include:  establishing regular toileting routines  using gentle encouragement  praising children for their effort

Perception-the act of______________________ ____________________________________ through the use of hearing, vision, depth perception, and pattern perception.

 Vision:  depended upon more than any other sense to explore the environment Newborn focuses & perceives color poorly prefers large simple patterns, photos, simplified drawings of faces ______ months focuses on objects & adults and has color vision by 4 mths prefers complex drawings of the human face prefer and more easily discriminate female faces ______ months scanning & tracking visual acuity is about 20/20 depth perception (ability to judge the distance of objects)- typically around the time of crawling 12 months can detect familiar objects represented by incomplete drawings, even if two-thirds of the drawing is missing