Water/Steam Connections Primary Pb-Bi Secondary Pb -Bi Steam Generators Primary Vessel Of ENHS Module Pool Vessel Region of Imbedded SupportStructure ReactorCore Encapsulated Nuclear Heat Source Reactor

Department of Nuclear Energy International Atomic Energy Agency Thorium Cycle Th-232 is Abundant (India, Brazil, USA, Turkey, China)Th-232 is Abundant (India, Brazil, USA, Turkey, China) U-233 is fissile, half-life 27dU-233 is fissile, half-life 27d Hot fuel because of gamma emitters from U-232 decay chainsHot fuel because of gamma emitters from U-232 decay chains Th fuel fabrication similar to U-fuel, but requires remote operationTh fuel fabrication similar to U-fuel, but requires remote operation Produces less Pu and (Am, Cm, Np) compared to U- fuel.Produces less Pu and (Am, Cm, Np) compared to U- fuel. Th/Pu-MOX can burn Pu efficientlyTh/Pu-MOX can burn Pu efficiently

Department of Nuclear Energy International Atomic Energy Agency Innovative Reactor Programmes ArgentinaArgentina –Carem 25 CanadaCanada –Candu X ChinaChina –HTR-10 –NHR-200 –CEFR FranceFrance –ADS –HTGR RussiaRussia – Brest – Burge Mounted KLT-40, Ruta Ruta – MHTGR South Africa South Africa – PBMR USA USA – NERI – MHTGR – ATW EC EC – ADS India India – AHWR – FR Japan Japan – HTTR – MRX, 4S – Omega ROK ROK – SMART – Dupic Fuel Cycle – ADS, FR

Department of Nuclear Energy International Atomic Energy Agency Generation-IV: The U.S. DoE is conducting a wide- ranging discussion on the development of next- generation nuclear energy systems The activity is engaging governments, industry, and the research community of several countries.The activity is engaging governments, industry, and the research community of several countries. The work is being conducted on an international basis to identify, assess, and develop sustainable nuclear energy technologies that can be deployed over the next 30 years to help meet energy needs of the 21 st century.The work is being conducted on an international basis to identify, assess, and develop sustainable nuclear energy technologies that can be deployed over the next 30 years to help meet energy needs of the 21 st century. A first step is the development of a “Technology Roadmap” to guide research and developmentA first step is the development of a “Technology Roadmap” to guide research and development

Department of Nuclear Energy International Atomic Energy Agency Generation-IV Goals for nuclear energy systems and fuel cycles SustainabilitySustainability –provide sustainable energy generation that meets clean air objectives and promotes long-term availability of systems and effective fuel utilization –provide sustainable energy generation that meets clean air objectives and promotes long-term availability of systems and effective fuel utilization –minimize and manage nuclear waste and notably reduce the long-term stewardship burden –minimize and manage nuclear waste and notably reduce the long-term stewardship burden –increase the assurance that they are a very unattractive and least desirable route for diversion or theft of weapons-usable materials –increase the assurance that they are a very unattractive and least desirable route for diversion or theft of weapons-usable materials Safety and ReliabilitySafety and Reliability –excel in safety and reliability –have a very low likelihood and degree of reactor core damage –have a very low likelihood and degree of reactor core damage –eliminate the need for offsite emergency response. EconomicsEconomics –have a clear life cycle cost advantage over other energy sources –have a level of financial risk comparable to other energy projects