Overview of Business Processes BAB 2 PERTEMUAN 3 - 4

2-2 Tujuan Pembelajaran 1 Menjelaskan 3 Fungsi Utama dari Sistem Informasi Akuntansi (SIA).

2-3 Pengantar This chapter provides an overview of how an AIS can perform its three basic functions : 1.To collect and store (menyimpan) data about the organization’s business activities and transactions efficiently and effectively 2To provide (menyediakan) information useful for decision making 3To provide adequate controls to ensure (memadai) that data are recorded and processed accurately

2-4 Pengantar This chapter will examine: – Basic types of business activities – Key decisions that must be considered when managing those activities – Information needed to make those decisions

2-5 Pengantar This chapter: Describes how data about business activity is collected, processed and transformed into useful information for management Then, it will introduce the concept of internal controls

2-6 Tiga Fungsi Dasar AIS 1To collect and store data about the organization’s business activities and transactions efficiently and effectively: – Capture (merekam) transaction data on source documents. – Record transaction data in journals, which present a chronological record. – Post data from journals to ledgers, which sort data by account type.

2-7 Tiga Fungsi Dasar AIS 2To provide management with information useful for decision making: – In manual systems, this information is provided in the form of reports that fall into two main categories: –financial statements –managerial reports

2-8 Tiga Fungsi Dasar AIS 3To provide adequate internal controls: – Ensure that the information produced by the system is reliable. – Ensure that business activities are performed efficiently and in accordance with management’s objectives. – Safeguard organizational assets.

2-9 Subsistem AIS 1.The revenue cycle: involves activities of selling goods or services and collecting payment for those sales. 2.The expenditure cycle: involves activities of buying and paying for goods or services used by the organization. 3.The human resources/payroll cycle: involves activities of hiring and paying employees.

2-10 Basic Subsystems in the AIS 4.The production cycle: involves activities converting raw materials and labor into finished goods. 5.The financing cycle: involves activities of obtaining necessary funds to run the organization, repay creditors, and distribute profits to investors.

2-11 Subsistem AIS Expenditure Cycle Human Resources Production Cycle Revenue Cycle Financing Cycle General Ledger & Reporting System

2-12 Tujuan Pembelajaran 2 Describe the documents and procedures used in an AIS to collect and process transaction data.

2-13 Siklus Data Prosesing The data processing cycle consists of four steps: 1.Data input 2.Data storage 3.Data processing 4.Information Output

2-14 Data Processing Cycle: Data Input Historically, most businesses used paper source documents to collect data and then transferred that data into a computer. Today, most data are recorded directly through data entry screens.

2-15 Data Processing Cycle: Data Input Control over data collection is improved by: – prenumbering each source document and using turnaround documents – having the system automatically assign a sequential number to each new transaction – employing source data automation

2-16 Common Source Documents and Functions Source DocumentFunction Sales orderTake customer order. Delivery ticketDeliver or ship order Remittance adviceReceive cash. Deposit slipDeposit cash receipts. Credit memoAdjust customer accounts REVENUE CYCLE

2-17 CheckPay for items. Common Source Documents and Functions Source Document Function Purchase order Order items. Purchase requisitionRequest items. Receiving reportReceive items. EXPENDITURE CYCLE

2-18 Common Source Documents and Functions HUMAN RESOURCES CYCLE Worker formsCollect employee withholding data. Time cardsRecord time worked by employees. Job time ticketsRecord time spent on specific jobs. Source DocumentFunction

2-19 Common Source Documents and Functions GENERAL LEDGER AND REPORTING SYSTEM Journal voucherRecord entry posted to general ledger. Source DocumentFunction

2-20 Data Processing Cycle: Data Processing Batch processing is the periodic updating of the data stored about resources and agents On-line, real-time processing is the immediate updating as each transaction occurs

2-21 Data Processing Cycle: Data Storage An entity is something about which information is stored. Each entity has attributes or characteristics of interest, which need to be stored.

2-22 Record Transaction Data in Journals After transaction data have been captured on source documents, the next step is to record the data in a journal. A journal entry is made for each transaction showing the accounts and amounts to be debited and credited.

2-23 Record Transaction Data in Journals The general journal records infrequent or non-routine transactions. Specialized journals simplify the process of recording large numbers of repetitive transactions. What are the four most common types of transactions?

2-24 Record Transaction Data in Journals 1Credit sales 2Cash receipts 3Purchases on account 4Cash disbursements

2-25 Record Transaction Data in Journals Sales Journal InvoiceAccountAccount Post Date NumberDebitedNumber Ref. Amount Dec. 1201Lee Co Dec. 1202May Co Dec. 1203DLK Co TOTAL: 2, /502 Page 5

2-26 Post Transactions to Ledgers Ledgers are used to summarize the financial status, including the current balance, of individual accounts. The general ledger contains summary-level data for every asset, liability, equity, revenue, and expense account of an organization.

2-27 Post Transactions to Ledgers A subsidiary ledger records all the detailed data for any general ledger account that has many individual sub-accounts. What are some commonly used subsidiary ledgers? –accounts receivable –inventory –accounts payable

2-28 Post Transactions to Ledgers What is the general ledger account corresponding to a subsidiary ledger called? –control account A control account contains the total amount for all individual accounts in the subsidiary ledger.

2-29 Post Transactions to Ledgers Sales Journal Page 5 DateInvoice Number Account Debited Account Number Post Ref. Amount Dec 1203DLK Co Total 120/502 2, General Ledger Account: Accounts Receivable Account Number: 120 DateDescriptionPost Ref.DebitCreditBalance Dec 1SalesSJ52,400

2-30 What is the Chart of Accounts? The chart of accounts is a list of all general ledger accounts used by an organization. It is important that the chart of accounts contains sufficient detail to meet the information needs of the organization.

2-31 Tujuan Pembelajaran 3 Discuss the types of information that an AIS can provide.

2-32 Providing Information for Decision Making The second function of the AIS is to provide management with information useful for decision making. The information an AIS provides falls into two main categories: – Financial Statements – Managerial Reports

2-33 Financial Statements Prepare a trial balance. Make adjusting entries. Prepare the adjusted trial balance. Produce the income statement. Make closing entries. Produce the balance sheet. Prepare the statement of cash flows.

2-34 Managerial Reports The AIS must also be able to provide managers with detailed operational information about the organization’s performance. Two important types of managerial reports are –budget –performance reports

2-35 Managerial Reports What is a budget? A budget is the formal expression of goals in financial terms. One of the most common types of budget is a cash budget.

2-36 Managerial Reports What is a performance report? A performance report lists the budgeted and actual amounts of revenues and expenses and also shows the variances, or differences, between these two amounts.

2-37 Magic Co. Monthly Performance Report Budget Actual Variance Sales$32,400$31,500 ($900) Cost of Goods 12,000 14,000 (2,000) Gross Margin$20,400$17,500($2,900) Other Expenses 9,000 7,000 2,000 Operating Income$11,400$10,500 ($900) Managerial Reports

2-38 Tujuan Pembelajaran 4 Describe the basic internal control objectives of an AIS and explain how they are accomplished.

2-39 Internal Control Considerations The third function of an AIS is to provide adequate internal controls to accomplish three basic objectives: 1Ensure that the information is reliable. 2Ensure that business activities are performed efficiently. 3Safeguard organizational assets.

2-40 Internal Control Considerations What are two important methods for accomplishing these objectives? 1Provide for adequate documentation of all business activities. 2Design the AIS for effective segregation of duties.

2-41 What is Segregation of Duties? (Pemisahan Tugas) Segregation of duties refers to dividing responsibility for different portions of a transaction among several people. What functions should be performed by different people? –authorizing transactions –recording transactions –maintaining custody of assets

2-42 End of Chapter 2