Do Now How does competition affect organisms within the same area? How does competition affect organisms within the same area? What if they share the same niche? What if they share the same niche? What was the selecting factor in the Beaks of Finches Lab? What was the selecting factor in the Beaks of Finches Lab? What happened if the bird had the best beak for that environment? What happened if the bird had the best beak for that environment? What happened if the bird had the worst beak for that environment? What happened if the bird had the worst beak for that environment? Selects the best fit Selects the best fit out of the organisms that have similar traits (example: all birds with large beaks) Food Survived and Reproduced Migrated or Died

Ecology Ecology: the study of how organisms interact with each other and their envrionment Ecology: the study of how organisms interact with each other and their envrionment Interdependence: Organisms depend on each other and their environment in order to survive Interdependence: Organisms depend on each other and their environment in order to survive

Fitness: An organisms ability to survive and reproduce Fitness: An organisms ability to survive and reproduce “Goal” of Every Species “Goal” of Every SpeciesReproduction

Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere Individual

Factors Influencing Populations Competition: struggle between organisms for the same limited resource Competition: struggle between organisms for the same limited resource

Members of an Ecosystem Autotrophs/Producers: Organisms that can produce their own food Autotrophs/Producers: Organisms that can produce their own food Heterotrophs/Consumers: Organisms that need to obtain food from their external environment Heterotrophs/Consumers: Organisms that need to obtain food from their external environment Decomposers/Saprophytes: Recycle nutrients back into the environment Decomposers/Saprophytes: Recycle nutrients back into the environment

Remember: What is living? 1. If it is made up of one or more cells 2. If it contains DNA (Instruction manual for life) 3. If it carries out all 8 life process (Metabolism) Biology is the study of living organisms and how they interact with their environment. Biology is the study of living organisms and how they interact with their environment. Abiotic: Non Living Factors Abiotic: Non Living Factors Biotic: Living Factors Biotic: Living Factors

List 3 Abiotic and 3 Biotic Factors

Carrying Capacity Limiting Factor: Something organisms compete for that limits the population size Limiting Factor: Something organisms compete for that limits the population size Carrying Capacity: Maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain. Carrying Capacity: Maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain.

Energy Pyramids Primary Source of Primary Source of energy = energy = Energy Pyramids: show biomass and energy availability Energy Pyramids: show biomass and energy availability Who has to eat the most? Why? Who has to eat the most? Why? Why do you think there are less carnivores than plants in a community? Why do you think there are less carnivores than plants in a community? Carnivore Secondary Consumer Herbivore Primary Consumer Producer Each Organism uses some energy for their own metabolism. That energy is lost to the environment if the form of heat!

Predator/Prey Relationships Watch this and respond Watch this and respond Watch this and respond Watch this and respond Why are predator/prey relationships considered a necessary evil? Why are predator/prey relationships considered a necessary evil? Why is it important to keep population numbers in check? Why is it important to keep population numbers in check?

Symbiosis Mutualism: both individuals benefit Mutualism: both individuals benefit Parasitism: one organism benefits the other individual is harmed. Parasitism: one organism benefits the other individual is harmed. Commensalism: one individual benefits and the other individual is unharmed Commensalism: one individual benefits and the other individual is unharmed

Do Now Who has to eat the most? Why? Who has to eat the most? Why? Which organism is an autotroph? Which organism is an autotroph? Which organism receives energy from a producer? Which organism receives energy from a producer? Why are there more mice then snakes? Why are there more mice then snakes? What are the short-term and long term effects of removing the snake from the population? What are the short-term and long term effects of removing the snake from the population?

Ecological Succession Ecological Succession: Ecosystems tend to change with time until a stable system is formed. Ecological Succession: Ecosystems tend to change with time until a stable system is formed. Pioneer Organisms: first organism to inhabit a given area Pioneer Organisms: first organism to inhabit a given area Climax Community: final stable ecosystem Climax Community: final stable ecosystem

Lichen  Mosses  Grasses  Shrubs  Sun Trees  Shade Trees

Pond Ecological Succession

Carbon Cycle

Extinction Extinction: Gone Forever Extinction: Gone Forever Extinction occurs when an organisms can not adapt to a change in their environment. Extinction occurs when an organisms can not adapt to a change in their environment. –Examples: Climate Change, Invasive Species, Hunting, Poaching, Natural Disaster

Hunting and Poaching Hunting: to chase or search for the purpose of catching or killing. Hunting: to chase or search for the purpose of catching or killing. Poaching: to trespass, esp. on another's game preserve, in order to steal animals or to hunt. Poaching: to trespass, esp. on another's game preserve, in order to steal animals or to hunt.

Removal of Natural Predators Short Term Effect?? Short Term Effect?? Long Term Effect?? Long Term Effect??

Global Warming Cause: Build up of greenhouse gases due to the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. Cause: Build up of greenhouse gases due to the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. Concern: Trapped radiant heat causes global temperatures to rise. Organisms have to adapt to climate change. Loss of Biodiversity Concern: Trapped radiant heat causes global temperatures to rise. Organisms have to adapt to climate change. Loss of Biodiversity Fix: Plant Trees, Stop Cutting Trees Down, Use Alternative Sources of Fuel Fix: Plant Trees, Stop Cutting Trees Down, Use Alternative Sources of Fuel

Ozone Depletion Cause: Build up of CFCs in the atmosphere, due to the use of air conditioners and aerosols. Cause: Build up of CFCs in the atmosphere, due to the use of air conditioners and aerosols. Concern: Hole in Ozone increases UV ray exposure. UV exposure increases chances of skin cancer for all organisms. Loss of Biodiversity. Concern: Hole in Ozone increases UV ray exposure. UV exposure increases chances of skin cancer for all organisms. Loss of Biodiversity. Fix: Avoid using CFCs Fix: Avoid using CFCs

Acid Rain Cause: Build up of Sulfuric and Nitric Acid in the atmosphere due to the use of factories and car exhaust. Cause: Build up of Sulfuric and Nitric Acid in the atmosphere due to the use of factories and car exhaust. Concern: Changes the acidity of the environment. Loss of Biodiversity. Concern: Changes the acidity of the environment. Loss of Biodiversity. Remember a changes in acidity can denature enzymes. Organisms can not maintain homeostasis!!! Remember a changes in acidity can denature enzymes. Organisms can not maintain homeostasis!!! Fix: Use scrubbers and filters on smoke stacks. Hybrid or Electric Cars Fix: Use scrubbers and filters on smoke stacks. Hybrid or Electric Cars

Deforestation Cause: Cutting Down Trees Cause: Cutting Down Trees Concern: Habitat Destruction, Loss of Biodiversity, Excess Carbon Dioxide Concern: Habitat Destruction, Loss of Biodiversity, Excess Carbon Dioxide Fix: Stop Cutting Down Trees, Plant More Trees, Conserve Natural Habitat Fix: Stop Cutting Down Trees, Plant More Trees, Conserve Natural Habitat

Invasive Species Cause: Introduced to new environment by humans. Cause: Introduced to new environment by humans. Concern: With out predators the population grows out of control. Loss of Biodiversity. Concern: With out predators the population grows out of control. Loss of Biodiversity. Fix: Check for species on ships, avoid moving species from their natural habitat Fix: Check for species on ships, avoid moving species from their natural habitat

Biomagnification Cause: Pollution, Pesticide Use, and Detergent Use Cause: Pollution, Pesticide Use, and Detergent Use Concern: Pollution accumulates in the food chain. Pregnant women should not eat tuna or swordfish. Loss of Biodiversity. Concern: Pollution accumulates in the food chain. Pregnant women should not eat tuna or swordfish. Loss of Biodiversity. Fix: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. Use green products. Use natural predators (Lady Bugs) Fix: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. Use green products. Use natural predators (Lady Bugs)