© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1: Concepts of World Geography Diversity Amid Globalization Physical Geography and the Environment Sandra Zupan University of Kentucky Chapter 2 Lecture 6th Edition

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Describe those aspects of tectonic plate theory responsible for shaping Earth’s surface. Identify those parts of the world where earthquakes and volcanoes are hazardous to human settlement and explain why casualty rates from those hazards differ from place to place. List the factors that control the world’s weather and climate. Describe the major characteristics and locations of the world’s major climate regions. Explain the greenhouse effect and how it relates to anthropogenic global warming. Learning Objectives

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Summarize the major issues underlying the international controversy over reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. Define the concept of fossil fuel proven reserves and explain the socioeconomic factors that influence the amount of fossil fuel reserves. Describe the world geography of fossil fuel production and consumption. List the advantages and disadvantages of different kinds of renewable energy. Identify the causes of global water stress. Describe the characteristics and distribution of the world’s major bioregions. Explain the reasons behind deforestation in both tropical and higher-latitude forests. Learning Objectives (Continued)

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Key Concepts Plate tectonics Geologic hazards Insolation Greenhouse effect Climate regions Global warming Water stress Bioregions Tropical rainforests Deforestation Desertification

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Geology: A Restless Earth Connections between inner Earth and surface landscape features Part of the framework for understanding human settlement patterns

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Plate Tectonics Slow-moving geologic plates –Heat exchange: convection cells

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Global Tectonic Plates

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. San Andreas Fault Zone Coastal California faces a threat of a major earthquake.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Geological Hazards Major effects on human settlement and activities

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Tectonic Disasters: Earthquakes

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Tectonic Disasters: Volcanic Eruptions

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Global Climates Solar energy Latitude Land/water interaction Global pressure systems Global wind patterns Topography Climatic controls

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Insolation and the Greenhouse Effect

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Influence of Latitude Transfer of heat and moisture in the tropics –Global wind systems –Ocean currents –Massive tropical storms, typhoons, and hurricanes

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Land/Water Interactions Land and water –Different abilities to absorb and reradiate insolation

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Global Pressure Systems and Wind Patterns High- and low-pressure cells

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. The Orographic Effect Elevation and precipitation

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. World Climate Regions and Climographs

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Global Climate Change Anthropogenic causes –Global warming Effects –Shifts in agricultural areas –Rising sea levels Major greenhouse gases –Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) –Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) –Methane (CH 4 ) –Nitrous oxide (N 2 O)

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Global Warming: Trends and Tensions More developed and less developed countries

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Global Energy Non-renewable energy –Oil –Coal –Natural gas Renewable energy –Water –Wind –Solar energy

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. The World Geography of Fossil Fuels

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. “Fracking” An oil and gas mining technique Environmental issues

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Renewable Energy A small fraction of power –World: 3 percent –United States: 13 percent –Germany: 20 percent Issues –Intermittent nature –Cost –Subsidies

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Wind Power

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Energy Futures Developing economies –China –India –Brazil Lack of access to energy Advancements in energy efficiency Environmental concerns The changing global energy geography

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Water: A Scarce World Resource If the total global water supply were 100 liters (26 gallons), then –3 liters (0.8 gallons) = freshwater. –0.003 liters (~1/2 teaspoon) will be readily available to humans. Water stress: greatest water resource problems

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Global Water Stress

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Water Sanitation Polluted water –A high rate of sickness –Death –Infants and children –4000 children die each day.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Water Access Time and labor Privatization of water systems Increased water costs

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Bioregions and Biodiversity

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Tropical Rainforests The bioregion –Found along the equator –Covers about 7 percent of the world’s land area –Has the highest biodiversity –Not suitable for intensive agriculture

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Deforestation of Tropical Forests Fast, large-scale deforestation –The Amazon Basin –Southeast Asia Effects –Habitat destruction –CO 2 release Causes –Global timber trade –Global beef demand –Global palm oil demand

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Cattle Ranching in the Amazon

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Deserts and Grasslands Desertification

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Commercial Logging Clear-cut forest