Pfahler 2008 Matiste 2015

Pfahler 2008 ABACUS 4 th Century B.C.  The abacus, a simple counting aid, may have been invented in Babylonia (now Iraq) in the fourth century B.C.  This device allows users to make computations using a system of sliding beads arranged on a rack.  Considered the first computer Matiste 2015

Pfahler 2008 First Computer ABACUS

Pfahler 2008 BLAISE PASCAL ( )  In 1642, the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal invented a calculating device that would come to be called the "Adding Machine".  One of the first and earliest mechanical devices used for calculating was the Pascaline

Pfahler 2008 BLAISE PASCAL ( )  Originally called a "numerical wheel calculator" or the "Pascaline", Pascal's invention utilized a train of 8 moveable dials or cogs to add sums of up to 8 figures long. As one dial turned 10 notches - or a complete revolution - it mechanically turned the next dial.  Pascal's mechanical Adding Machine automated the process of calculation. Although slow by modern standards, this machine did provide a fair degree of accuracy and speed.  Only performed addition, not multiplication or division Matiste 2015

Pfahler 2008 Blaise Pascal Matiste 2015

Pfahler 2008 The stepped reckoner Supposed to be able to add, subtract, multiply, divide and calculate square roots **Device never worked properly The stepped reckoner Supposed to be able to add, subtract, multiply, divide and calculate square roots **Device never worked properly Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

Pfahler 2008 CHARLES BABBAGE ( )  Born in 1791, Charles Babbage was an English mathematician and professor.  In 1822, he persuaded the British government to finance his design to build a machine that would calculate tables for logarithms. Called the “Difference Engine.”  Device was to calculate numbers to 20 th place and print them at 4 digits per minute.  With Charles Babbage's creation of the "Analytical Engine", (1833) computers took the form of a general purpose machine.

Pfahler 2008 Charles Babbage 1822 Babbage's Difference Engine

Pfahler 2008 Analytical Engine 1833 Used to perform a variety of calculations by following a set of instructions or programs stored on punch cards Machine only designed but never built

Pfahler 2008 Joseph Jacquard

Pfahler 2008 Charles Babbage Considered the “Father of Computers”

Pfahler 2008

First Computer Programmer Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace Matiste 2015

Pfahler 2008 U.S. Census Done every 10 years Process done by hand in 19 th century Took 10 years to complete UNTIL Matiste 2015

Pfahler 2008 Herman Hollerith

Hollerith’s Punch Card Matiste 2015

Pfahler 2008 Tabulating Machine

Used electricity rather than mechanical gears Holes representing information to be tabulated were punched in cards The location of each hole represented a specific piece of information (male vs. female) Cards inserted into the machine and metal pins used to open and close electrical circuts If the circuit was closed, a computation was increased by one Matiste 2015

Population Count Now took only 6 weeks to count 63 million Matiste 2015

Tabulating Machine Company International Business Machines Matiste 2015

Pfahler 2008 HOWARD AIKEN ( )  Aiken thought he could create a modern and functioning model of Babbage's Analytical Engine.  He succeeded in securing a grant of 1 million dollars for his proposed Automatic Sequence Calculator; the Mark I for short. From IBM.  In 1944, the Mark I was "switched" on. Aiken's colossal machine spanned 51 feet in length and 8 feet in height. 500 meters of wiring were required to connect each component.

Pfahler 2008 HOWARD AIKEN ( )  The Mark I did transform Babbage's dream into reality and did succeed in putting IBM's name on the forefront of the computer industry. From 1944 on, modern computers would forever be associated with digital intelligence.

Pfahler 2008 Howard Aiken Mark I

Pfahler 2008 Mark I Calculator

Pfahler First electronic computer built by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry Computer used binary number system of 1 and 0 Binary system is still used today

Pfahler 2008 ENIAC  Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer  a machine that computed at speeds 1,000 times faster than the Mark I was capable of only 2 years earlier.  Using 18,00-19,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors and 5 million soldered joints this massive instrument required the output of a small power station to operate it.

ENIAC Matiste 2015

Pfahler 2008 ENIAC  It could do nuclear physics calculations (in two hours) which it would have taken 100 engineers a year to do by hand.  The system's program could be changed by rewiring a panel.  Weighed 30 tons and was 1500 square feet (average area of a 3 bedroom house

Pfahler 2008 ENIAC 1946

Computer An electronic machine accepts data, processes it according to instructions and provides the results as new data Can make simple decisions and comparisons Matiste 2015

Program List of instructions written in a special language that the computer understands Matiste 2015

Vacuum Tubes Matiste 2015

1930’s – 1940’s Alan Turning developed “Universal Machine” He envisioned a computer that could perform any different tasks by simply changing a program rather than by changing electronic components Matiste 2015

1945 – John Von Newmann Developed stored programs concept Program would be stored in CPU or Central Processing Unit Matiste 2015

Pfahler 2008 TRANSISTOR 1947  In the laboratories of Bell Telephone, John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley discovered the "transfer resistor"; later labeled the transistor.  Advantages:  increased reliability  consumed 1/20 of the electricity of vacuum tubes  were a fraction of the cost

Pfahler 2008 TRANSISTOR 1947  This tiny device had a huge impact on and extensive implications for modern computers. In 1956, the transistor won its creators the Noble Peace Prize for their invention.

Transistor Matiste 2015

Transistor Radio Matiste 2015

First Computer Bug Matiste 2015 Grace Hopper

Pfahler 2008 ALTAIR 1975  The invention of the transistor made computers smaller, cheaper and more reliable. Therefore, the stage was set for the entrance of the computer into the domestic realm. In 1975, the age of personal computers commenced.  Under the leadership of Ed Roberts the Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Company (MITS) wanted to design a computer 'kit' for the home hobbyist.

Pfahler John Huff Transistors were replaced by integrated circuits or chips, giving computers tremendous speed to process information at a rate of millions of calculations per second. In 1970 John Huff invented the microprocessor, an entire CPU on a single chip. This allowed for the building of a microcomputer or personal computer.

Pfahler 2008 ALTAIR 1975  Based on the Intel 8080 processor, capable of controlling 64 kilobyes of memory, the MITS Altair - as the invention was later called - was debuted on the cover of the January edition of Popular Electronics magazine.  Presenting the Altair as an unassembled kit kept costs to a minimum. Therefore, the company was able to offer this model for only $395. Supply could not keep up with demand.

Pfahler 2008 ALTAIR 1975  ALTAIR FACTS:  No Keyboard  No Video Display  No Storage Device

Pfahler 2008 IBM (PC) 1981  On August 12, 1981 IBM announced its own personal computer.  Using the 16 bit Intel 8088 microprocessor, allowed for increased speed and huge amounts of memory.  Unlike the Altair that was sold as unassembled computer kits, IBM sold its "ready-made" machine through retailers and by qualified salespeople.

Pfahler 2008 IBM (PC) 1981  To satisfy consumer appetites and to increase usability, IBM gave prototype IBM PCs to a number of major software companies.  For the first time, small companies and individuals who never would have imagined owning a "personal" computer were now opened to the computer world.

Pfahler 2008 MACINTOSH (1984)  IBM's major competitor was a company lead by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs; the Apple Computer Inc.  The "Lisa" was the result of their competitive thrust.  This system differed from its predecessors in its use of a "mouse" - then a quite foreign computer instrument - in lieu of manually typing commands.  However, the outrageous price of the Lisa kept it out of reach for many computer buyers.

Pfahler 2008 MACINTOSH (1984)  Apple's brainchild was the Macintosh. Like the Lisa, the Macintosh too would make use of a graphical user interface.  Introduced in January 1984 it was an immediate success.  The GUI (Graphical User Interface) made the system easy to use.

Pfahler 2008 MACINTOSH (1984)  The Apple Macintosh debuts in It features a simple, graphical interface, uses the 8-MHz, 32-bit Motorola CPU, and has a built- in 9-inch B/W screen.  Cost $2,495