An Age of Anxiety THE INTERWAR PERIOD An Age of Anxiety anxiously Please take a seat and prepare anxiously for your quiz.

An Age of Anxiety THE INTERWAR PERIOD An Age of Anxiety Please turn your quiz in on my orange chair & take a red pen.

An Age of Anxiety THE INTERWAR PERIOD An Age of Anxiety What is anxiety?

POSTWAR PESSIMISM The “lost generation” (Gertrude Stein) Disillusionment after WWI Pessimism over idea of human progress – Spengler, Decline of the West

REVOLUTION IN PHYSICS Albert Einstein ( ) – Theory of special relativity – Neither time nor space absolute values; vary with observer Werner Heisenberg ( ) – The uncertainty principle Concepts extended to humanities, social sciences

REVOLUTION IN PSYCHOLOGY Sigmund Freud ( ) – The life of the subconscious mind – Repression of sexual desires, fears Interpretation of dreams Free association Application to mythology, religion, literature, art, etc.

EXPERIMENTATION IN ART Photography makes realism irrelevant Art as creation, not reproduction Retreat to abstraction – Les fauves – Pablo Picasso ( ) Influence of non- western styles

EXPERIMENTATION IN ARCHITECTURE The Bauhaus – Director: Walter Gropius ( ) Form follows function Square, lifeless, but efficient Skyscrapers – “Glass boxes” – “International style” Loved by business, government

THE ROARING TWENTIES Rapid economic growth in the United States during the “Roaring Twenties” hid serious problems in world economies.

EUROPEAN ORIGINS OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION Austria/Germany borrow money from U.S. to pay war debts to France and England France, England pay debts owed to U.S. for WWI System dependent on flow of cash from U.S.

AGRICULTURAL SURPLUSES AND THE GREAT DEPRESSION Overproduction in 1920s Strongest harvests in 1925, 1929 Wheat at lowest price in 400 years – Farm income drops – Less demand for manufactured goods – Inventory surpluses The Dust Bowl, mid to late 30s

BLACK THURSDAY (October 24, 1929) Stock purchases on margin (3%) Hints of slowdown in Europe – Investors begin to sell Snowball effect – Life savings lost Black Thursday – 11 suicides

U.S. ECONOMIC COLLAPSE Inventory surplus leads to layoffs Layoffs lead to decreased demand, businesses fail 1932 industrial production at half of 1929 levels 44% of U.S. banks out of business – Deposits lost

NEW U.S. STRATEGIES Laissez-faire, “planned scarcity” approaches fail John Maynard Keynes ( ), economist – Stimulate economy by lowering interest rates Encouraging investment, employment The New Deal of Franklin Delano Roosevelt

FDR AND THE NEW DEAL FDR: Elected 1932 Pushed his New Deal which aimed to fight the Great Depression – Relief – Recovery – Reform Established public works, gave jobs to the unemployed and government money for welfare New regulations were also added to reform and protect banks and the stock market

EFFECTS OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION In Europe, countries still struggling to recover from World War I are hit hard by the Depression World trade slows and national economies are crippled Political unrest grows and in some countries extremist political groups and totalitarian leaders take power

ELECTING A LEADER For the remainder of class, we will need a special leader. To determine this leader, we will hold a special election. The winner of the election will have complete control over the entire class and will be referred to as “Il Supremo”.

ELECTING A LEADER When you are finished with your ballot, please submit it in the orange bucket. The votes will be announced and tallied. Immediately following the election, “Il Supremo” will be inaugurated.

THE RISE OF DICTATORS

You will be divided into four expert groups in which you will learn about the rise of dictators during the Age of Anxiety. Once in your groups, read your designated handout individually or aloud. Once you have read your handout, answer the questions included towards the bottom of the instructions page in the space provided below. Once you have finished answering and discussing with your group, be sure to complete your portion of the “Rise of Totalitarianism Guide”. You have twenty minutes to complete the tasks detailed above. Remember, you will be place into different groups with whom you will share your expert knowledge. Don’t let your classmates down by not being prepared.

THE RISE OF DICTATORS You have now been put into your jigsaw groups and must share your expertise with your classmates. As you share and as you listen, be sure to complete the appropriate portion of the “Rise of Totalitarianism Guide”. In addition, think about the following questions: What were the similarities among the totalitarian regimes? What were the differences among the totalitarian regimes? What was unique about Japan’s regime as compared to the other three? What is the difference between Italy’s Fascism and Germany’s Nazism? Why do you think so many people supported these regimes? Do you think a totalitarian state could arise in the United States? You have twenty minutes to complete this task.