Theories of Presidential Power Constitutionalists vs. Presidentialists Stewardship Theory vs. Literalist Theory “Two-presidencies” Theory Foreign policy presidency vs. domestic policy presidency Do we have the “two-presidencies” in Korea? “It’s the economy, stupid!” (US presidential election in 1992) 노무현정부와 개혁드라이브  2007년 대선 참패

The Building Blocks for Consolidating Presidential Power I. The Institutional Presidency II. Agenda-setting Power III. “Bully Pulpit” Power

The Building Blocks for Consolidating Presidential Power I I. The Institutional Presidency The forging of a public yet personal presidency supported by a rather impersonal growth in the White House bureaucracy Until the 1870s, presidents had to pay any assistants out of their own pockets. The Brownlow Committee: “The president needs help.” The Creation of the Executive Office of the President (EOP) in 1939  “The Institutional Presidency” was born! Council of Economic Advisors in 1946 National Security Council in 1947

The Executive Office of the President (EOP) created in 1939 The following entities exist within the Executive Office of the President: Council of Economic Advisers (1946) Council on Environmental Quality (1970) Domestic Policy Council National Economic Council (1993) National Security Council (1947) Office of Administration Office of Management and Budget (1970): OMB Office of National AIDS Policy Office of National Drug Control Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy (1976) Office of the United States Trade Representative (1963): USTR President's Intelligence Advisory Board and Intelligence Oversight Board Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board White House Military Office

The Building Blocks for Consolidating Presidential Power II II. Agenda Setting power the power of agenda setting linked to the role of the president in the legislative arena On March 5, 1933, FDR issued an executive order temporarily closing the banks, and then on March 9, an emergency banking bill was passed by Congress (benchmark for FDR’s successors) By the time of Eisenhower, legislators not only accepted but even demanded a presidential agenda. “Don’t expect us to start from scratch on what you people want. That’s not the way we do things here --- you draft the bills, and we work them over.” (a House committee chair admonishing Eisenhower)

Presidential “Agenda-setting” Power in the Making of US Foreign Policy Doctrines or large-scale agendas for foreign-policy strategies allow presidents a great deal of influence over foreign-policy  “American Grand Strategy” Truman: “Containment policy” (containing USSR) Eisenhower: “New Look” (air-strike and nuclear weapons) JFK/LBJ: “Flexible Response” (“guns-AND-butter”) Nixon/Carter: “Détente” (opening to China, SALT I and II) Reagan: “Roll-back” (aid to anti-communist movements) Bush: “Preemptive Strikes” (the war on terrorism)

The Building Blocks for Consolidating Presidential Power III III. The “Bully Pulpit” in a Broadcast Age Radio spread to 80 percent of all U.S. households by 1940 “Fireside chat” in radio a week after FDR’s inauguration “Leading by educating” the public so that they would see the issues the same way FDR did! Jimmy Carter in the energy crisis Eisenhower in 1955 began to allow TV cameras into press conferences The impact of TV on the 1960 debates between JFK and Nixon Kennedy: the first live coverage of his press conferences in prime time and 65 million Americans watched it. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BF2YCJXFyJU

“Bully Pulpit” Power of the Presidency The core feature of modern presidency Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and FDR Impact public opinion has on political outcomes such as congressional roll call votes, vetoes, midterm election results, etc “Going Public” strategy taking the case directly to the people paradox: presidents are going public at time it is least likely to work. Conditions that have to be in place for going public to have an impact

“Bully pulpit” power and “Going public” strategy Speech tour for the Hepburn Act of 1906 (TR) Personal delivery of the State of the Union Address (Woodrow Wilson) “Evil Empire” speech in 1983 (Reagan) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=do0x-Egc6oA George W. Bush and 9/11

Presidential appearances

Press Conferences (per year)

The Seduction of “Soft News” Traditional “hard news” begins to fade (ABC, CBS, NBC) Entertainment-based “soft news” attracts much larger and younger audiences 60 Minutes, Oprah Winfrey Show, Daily Show, Tonight Show with Jay Leno, etc Focus on human interest stories Continues to focus on good and evil dichotomy like hard news Appeals to wider range of audiences less education, lower income, and young people “The Daily Show Phenomena” http://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/04272007/watch.html

Reading Discussion: Presidential Power & Agendas as “Power-to-Persuade” as “Power-without-Persuasion” 한국 대통령제와 어젠다의 중요성

민주화 이후 역대정부의 대통령 어젠다

2장 대통령 어젠다 한국정치에서 대통령의 실패가 반복되는 이유? 대통령 어젠다 (president’s agenda)란? 대통령 어젠다가 중요한 이유는? 역대 대통령들의 어젠다 비교 평가 기준은? 대통령 어젠다 선정을 위한 고려사항?