USHC 1.4 Analyze how dissatisfactions with the government under the Articles of Confederation were addressed with the writing of the Constitution of 1787, including the debates and compromises reached at the Philadelphia Convention and the ratification of the Constitution.

Stated Purpose: Amend the Articles Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United StatesScene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States, by Howard Chandler Christy.Howard Chandler Christy

Statistics From the 1790 Census State Populatio n Percentag e of Total Regional P opulation Number of Slaves Percentage of Population New Hampshire141,8854%1580% Massachusetts378,78710%00% Connecticut237,9467%2,7591% Rhode Island68,8252%1520% NEW ENGLAND23%827,443 New Jersey184,1395%11,4236% New York340,1209%21,3246% Pennsylvania434,37312%3,7371% MIDDLE STATES958,632 NORTH OF MASON/DIXON LINE 49% 1,786,07 539,8536% Delaware59,0962%8,88715% Maryland319,7289%103,03632% Virginia747,61020%293,42739% North Carolina393,75111%100,57226% South Carolina249,0737%107,09443% Georgia82,5482%29,26435% SOUTHERN STATES51% 1,851, ,28094% TOTAL POPULATION 3,637,88 1 SLAVE POPULATION 681,83315% Sources:

new jersey plan William Paterson Unicameral Legislature One Vote Per State VIRGINIA PLAN James Madison Bicameral Legislature Based on POPULATION View Census Data

The convention heard his plan, but did not debate it. Hamilton State Sovereignty

“GREAT COMPROMISE” Roger Sherman (CT) House of Representatives Lower House Senate Upper House Based on POPULATIONTwo Votes Per State Elected by Voters (DIRECT) Appointed by State Legislatures (INDIRECT) View Census Data

QUESTION: Should slaves be counted for purposes of representation in the lower house of Congress? Consider the interests of your assigned state when answering. View Census Data

The “Three-Fifths” Compromise A “Not So Great” Compromise FOR THE SOUTHFOR THE NORTH For purposes of representation in Congress, slaves would count for 3/5 of a person. After 20 years, Congress has the power to regulate (or outlaw) the international slave trade.

Electoral College # of Electors = Senators + Representatives Effect of 3/5 Compromise? Each state will send electors to cast votes for President.

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The Articles States Federal States 1 Vote Per State 2/3 UNANIMOUS The Constitution Shared Federal Federal & State Federal (Interstate) State (Intrastate) Proportional (House) Two Each (Senate) Concurrent Majority + President’s Signature 2/3 + 3/4 A COMPARISON Sovereignty? Foreign Relations? Taxation? Commerce & Trade? Representation? To Legislate? To Amend?

Limiting the Government BACK to Table of Contents USHC 1.5 Explain how the fundamental principle of limited government is protected by the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, including democracy, republicanism, federalism, the separation of powers, the system of checks and balances, and individual rights. Federalism Checks and Balances The Bill of Rights

FEDERALISM Sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central authority and states. DELEGATED Powers CONCURRENT Powers RESERVED Powers Powers given to the Federal Government Powers shared by both levels of government Powers kept by the states and people

The Veto From Latin: “I Forbid” President checks Congress’ legislative power 2/3 Vote of Both Houses to Override – 1845 – First Veto OverriddenFirst Veto Overridden

FederalistsAntifederalists Opposed Ratification (Approval)

Leading Antifederalists Patrick Henry (VA) Samuel Adams (MA) R ichard H enry Lee (VA) George Clinton (NY)

Antifederalist Positions FearsPlatform Tyranny “Special Interests” Aristocracy Excessive Taxation Autocratic Government Term Limits (Rotation in Office) Bill of Rights States’ Rights Federal Taxation Recall Agrarianism

The Federalist (aka, The Federalist Papers) James Madison Alexander Hamilton John Jay

Federalist Positions FearsPlatform “The Mob” Unstable Government Rebellions Civil War Humiliation Abroad Strong Central Government National Greatness Commerce Bill of Rights

The Ratification Debate Federalists Antifederalists ReservationistsIrreconcilables Ratify Constitution “as is” Ratify Constitution with Amendments (i.e., Bill of Rights) Don’t Ratify Constitution

Ratification of the Constitution DateState Votes YesNo 1December 7, 1787Delaware300 2December 12, 1787Pennsylvania4623 3December 18, 1787New Jersey380 4January 2, 1788Georgia260 5January 9, 1788Connecticut February 6, 1788Massachusetts April 28, 1788Maryland6311 8May 23, 1788South Carolina June 21, 1788New Hampshire June 25, 1788Virginia July 26, 1788New York November 21, 1789North Carolina May 29, 1790Rhode Island3432