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Mtoe Other renewables Hydro Nuclear Biomass Gas Coal Oil World energy demand expands by 45% between now and 2030 – an average rate of increase of 1.6% per year – with coal accounting for more than a third of the overall rise World primary energy demand in the Reference Scenario: this is unsustainable! Office of the Chief Economist

© OECD/IEA The continuing importance of coal in world primary energy demand 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Non-OECDOECD All other fuels Coal Shares of incremental energy demand Reference Scenario, Increase in primary demand, Demand for coal has been growing faster than any other energy source & is projected to account for more than a third of incremental global energy demand to 2030 Mtoe CoalOilGasRenewablesNuclear 4.8% 1.6% 2.6% 2.2% 0.8% % = average annual rate of growth Office of the Chief Economist

© OECD/IEA Power-generation capacity under construction worldwide CoalGasOilNuclearHydroWindRest of renewables GW Non-OECD OECD Total = 613 GW Over 600 GW of power-generation capacity is currently under construction worldwide & is expected to be operational before 2015, 3/4 of this is outside the OECD Office of the Chief Economist

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Change in oil demand by region in the Reference Scenario, China Middle East India Other Asia Latin America E. Europe/Eurasia Africa OECD North America OECD Europe OECD Pacific mb/d All of the growth in oil demand comes from non-OECD, with China contributing 43%, the Middle East & India each about 20% & other emerging Asian economies most of the rest Office of the Chief Economist

© OECD/IEA mb/d Natural gas liquids Non-conventional oil Crude oil - yet to be Developed or found Crude oil - currently producing fields World oil production by source in the Reference Scenario Even if oil demand was to remain flat to 2030, 45 mb/d of gross capacity – roughly four times the capacity of Saudi Arabia – would ne needed just to offset decline from existing fields. 45 mb/d Office of the Chief Economist

© OECD/IEA A sea change: world oil & gas production by company type in the Reference Scenario mb/d Bcm NOCs Private companies OilGas Almost 80% of the projected increase in output of both oil & gas comes from national companies – on the assumption that investment is forthcoming Office of the Chief Economist

© OECD/IEA The 11 members of GECF account for 2/3 of global gas reserves, while just 2 of them – Russia & Iran – account for over 40%. World natural gas reserves and Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF) World total: 179 Tcm (2008) Office of the Chief Economist

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World’s top five energy-related CO 2 emitters in the Reference Scenario GtrankGtrank China USA EU Russia India The top 5 emitters account for 70% of world emissions; China overtook the USA as the largest emitter in 2007, while India becomes the fourth largest before 2020 Office of the Chief Economist

© OECD/IEA Energy-related CO 2 emissions from existing & future power plants in the Reference Scenario Although 75% of power sector CO 2 emissions in 2020 are already “locked-in”, investments in the next decade will be critical to a low-carbon future in the longer term Gigatonnes Future plants in OECD Future plants in non-OECD Existing plants in non-OECD Existing plants in OECD “Window for action” Office of the Chief Economist

© OECD/IEA Reductions in energy-related CO 2 emissions in the climate-policy scenarios While technological progress is needed to achieve some emissions reductions, efficiency gains and deployment of existing low-carbon energy account for most of the savings Gigatonnes Reference Scenario550 Policy Scenario450 Policy Scenario CCS Renewables & biofuels Nuclear Energy efficiency 550 Policy Scenario 450 Policy Scenario 54% 23% 14% 9% Office of the Chief Economist

© OECD/IEA World energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2030 by scenario OECD countries alone cannot put the world onto a 450-ppm trajectory, even if they were to reduce their emissions to zero Non-OECD World OECD Reference Scenario450 Policy Scenario Gigatonnes Office of the Chief Economist

© OECD/IEA Key results of the post-2012 climate-policy analysis 550 Policy Scenario Corresponds to a c.3  C global temperature rise Energy demand continues to expand, but fuel mix is markedly different CO 2 price in OECD countries reaches $90/tonne in 2030 Additional investment equal to 0.25% of GDP 450 Policy Scenario Corresponds to a c.2  C global temperature rise Energy demand grows, but half as fast as in Reference Scenario Rapid deployment of low-carbon technologies Big fall in non-OECD emissions CO 2 price in 2030 reaches $180/tonne OPEC production almost 13mb/d higher in 2030 than today Additional investment equal to 0.6% of GDP Office of the Chief Economist

© OECD/IEA Cumulative European Union CO 2 savings with 20% reduction target in 2020 EU cumulative savings over would represent only 40% of China’s annual CO 2 emissions in China ANNUAL 2020 CO 2 emissions Gigatonnes EU-27 CUMULATIVE savings with 20% CO 2 emissions reduction target ( ) Office of the Chief Economist

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How is the financial & economic crisis affecting energy investment? Difficulties in obtaining credit & higher cost of capital > Increased aversion to risk > Paralysed credit markets > Plunging share values have increased debt-equity ratios Lower prices & cash flows have made new investments less attractive Falling demand caused by economic recession has reduced urgency & appetite for suppliers to invest Office of the Chief Economist

© OECD/IEA The crisis is driving down demand & prices for now, but impact on demand, investment, imports & emissions in the medium to long term may be negative Financial crisis Reduced investment Financing constraints and lower demand lead to lower investment and reduced capacity Economic recession Reduced energy demand Lower income cuts energy demand in near term, but might discourage spending on energy efficiency in long term Impact on energy prices & security? Lower prices in short term as demand stalls, but could be higher in medium term if investment recovers too slowly to meet demand with economic recovery Environmental impact? lower emissions in short term, but less investment in low-carbon energy could lead to higher emissions in long term Impact on energy security & climate change Office of the Chief Economist

© OECD/IEA Demand-side investment Financing problems & lower energy prices are discouraging investment in replacing energy-consuming capital stock Will also delay the development & commercialisation of more energy-efficient demand-side technologies > Car manufacturers are particularly badly placed to invest because of a slump in car sales & severe financial problems Stronger government policies to support energy efficiency could redress the balance Office of the Chief Economist

© OECD/IEA Implications of oil/gas upstream investment cutbacks Upstream oil projects involving 2 mb/d of peak capacity delayed so far, more to follow? OPEC has announced delays at 35 projects, though no details Cutbacks in spending on producing assets will push up decline rates Demand in near term may fall more than the loss of capacity… …but if demand rebounds quickly with economic recovery, spare capacity may be squeezed in medium term given investment lead times & financing problems LNG liquefaction capacity is set to rise in near term, but no new investment decisions are due to be taken in 2009 Office of the Chief Economist

© OECD/IEA Impact of the crisis on power-sector investment Falling demand & financing problems are driving investment cutbacks (little hard data to hand as yet) >Equipment suppliers (turbines etc) report a drop in orders of up to a third Uncertainty about future electricity demand is a key risk factor influencing power-company investment decisions Impact varies depending on the region and on the regulatory regime (much bigger in deregulated markets) Cost of capital has risen sharply due to higher perceived risk Capital-intensive renewables & nuclear especially vulnerable to financing difficulties & lower fossil-fuel prices >Renewable projects protected by guaranteed feed-in tariffs in some cases >But many wind developers are small (BBB-type rated) & are struggling to raise finance Office of the Chief Economist

© OECD/IEA Impact of financial crisis on global investment in renewable energy Q4 Office of the Chief Economist Investment in renewables has been hit by the rising cost of credit and the fall in oil & gas prices which has reduced the economic incentive for “clean” energy. Source: NEF Investment in Q was 24% lower than 2007 and 20% lower than Q3

© OECD/IEA Implications for energy industry structure & ownership Office of the Chief Economist All energy sectors likely to see consolidation as large firms with robust balance sheets take over or buy assets from smaller firms New wave of oil & gas deals in offing? > Majors, strongest independents & some national companies well placed to acquire assets from distressed operators > Chinese national oil companies remain active in investing abroad, including recent deals in Venezuela, Brazil, Iran & Africa Dominance of traditional power companies, with stable grid businesses, could rise as independents struggle to secure finance Some coal companies struggling with heavy debt > China’s Chinalco to take 18% stake in Rio Tinto Group in return for $19.5 billion cash injection

© OECD/IEA Summary & conclusions Energy and geopolitics will be increasingly interconnected We need a major decarbonisation of the world’s energy system – Copenhagen is crucial Addressing environmental issues will substantially improve energy security The financial crisis is undermining investment in low carbon energy – there is an urgent need for governments to respond decisively The Italian G8 Presidency can provide a bridge between the G20 and Copenhagen by calling for the financial crisis to be addressed in “tandem” with climate change