HY-WIRE CONCEPT CAR JASIR.V Roll.No:63 S7 ME

INTRODUCTION The name symbolizes the combination of hydrogen as fuel for the fuel cell propulsion system. The name symbolizes the combination of hydrogen as fuel for the fuel cell propulsion system. The replacement of conventional mechanical and hydraulic control linkages for steering, braking and other control systems by a drive-by-wire system. The replacement of conventional mechanical and hydraulic control linkages for steering, braking and other control systems by a drive-by-wire system. By combining fuel cell and by-wire technology, this vehicle packaged in a new way, opening up a new world of chassis architectures and customized bodies for individualized expressions. By combining fuel cell and by-wire technology, this vehicle packaged in a new way, opening up a new world of chassis architectures and customized bodies for individualized expressions.

CONCEPT It is a significant step towards a new kind of automobile that is substantially more friendly to the environment and provides consumers positive benefits in driving dynamics, safety and freedom of individual expression”. It is a significant step towards a new kind of automobile that is substantially more friendly to the environment and provides consumers positive benefits in driving dynamics, safety and freedom of individual expression”. The car is derived from GM’s previous concept of a drive-able fuel cell vehicle called the Autonomy which was debuted at the 2002 North American Motor Show in Detroit The car is derived from GM’s previous concept of a drive-able fuel cell vehicle called the Autonomy which was debuted at the 2002 North American Motor Show in Detroit

Interiors of the Hy-Wire Passenger Compartment – made of Fiberglass and Steel Passenger Compartment – made of Fiberglass and Steel very spacious very spacious provides a magnificent view of surroundings provides a magnificent view of surroundings Flooring of passenger compartment is flat – loads of leg space Flooring of passenger compartment is flat – loads of leg space fig fig fig

Skateboard Chassis “Skateboard” Chassis – 11’’ flat piece of Aluminum metal houses all the parts

Drive-by-Wire In conventional control, the movements the driver makes with the steering wheel are transmitted mechanically via steering column to the steering rack and then to the front wheels In conventional control, the movements the driver makes with the steering wheel are transmitted mechanically via steering column to the steering rack and then to the front wheels All mechanical linkages and actuators are replaced by Wires & Electronic sensors All mechanical linkages and actuators are replaced by Wires & Electronic sensors

Drive-by-Wire In a by-wire system, the driver’s physical movement on the steering wheel in sensed and converted into a digital electronic signal that is transmitted to a Smart Electro Mechanical Actuation Unit (SEMAU) that controls the wheels In a by-wire system, the driver’s physical movement on the steering wheel in sensed and converted into a digital electronic signal that is transmitted to a Smart Electro Mechanical Actuation Unit (SEMAU) that controls the wheels Same principle can be applied to the braking and gearbox systems Same principle can be applied to the braking and gearbox systems DbW consists of a sophisticated pedal position sensor which closely tracks the position of the accelerator and sends this information to the DbW consists of a sophisticated pedal position sensor which closely tracks the position of the accelerator and sends this information to the Computer control Computer control

Reasons for superiority to a cable operated throttle system :- a. By eliminating mechanical elements and transmitting a vehicle’s throttle position electronically, DbW reduces the number of moving parts – hence greater accuracy, reduced weight and theoretically no service requirements (like oiling & adjusting the throttle cable) b. Greater accuracy improves driving experience, improved fuel economy and power delivery as well as lower exhaust emissions

Driver’s control system: All controls required – in a single unit All controls required – in a single unit The driver's control unit, dubbed the X-drive, is a lot closer to a video game controller than a conventional steering wheel and pedal arrangement The driver's control unit, dubbed the X-drive, is a lot closer to a video game controller than a conventional steering wheel and pedal arrangement Throttle, braking and steering – hand controls Throttle, braking and steering – hand controls Gear selection – Button system, familiar from the world of motor racing Gear selection – Button system, familiar from the world of motor racing fig fig fig

FUEL CELL POWER Electrochemical conversion device that converts hydrogen and oxygen into water, producing electricity and heat in the process Electrochemical conversion device that converts hydrogen and oxygen into water, producing electricity and heat in the process Provides a DC voltage – can be used to power motors, lights or any number of electrical appliances Provides a DC voltage – can be used to power motors, lights or any number of electrical appliances Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) is the type of fuel cell used in Hy-Wire car Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) is the type of fuel cell used in Hy-Wire car Uses one of the simplest reactions of any fuel cell Uses one of the simplest reactions of any fuel cell

Single fuel cell produces only about 0.7 volts Single fuel cell produces only about 0.7 volts To obtain a reasonably higher voltage, many separate fuel cells must be combined to form a Fuel Cell Stack To obtain a reasonably higher voltage, many separate fuel cells must be combined to form a Fuel Cell Stack PEMFC’s operate at about 80 deg. C PEMFC’s operate at about 80 deg. C  Warms up quickly, expensive containment structures not required

Fuel Cell vs. I.C Engine Energy efficiencyEnergy efficiency Heat engine: max efficiency  ~30%Heat engine: max efficiency  ~30% Fuel cell: max efficiency  ~60%Fuel cell: max efficiency  ~60% Emission reduction (near zero) Emission reduction (near zero) No moving parts  no noise No moving parts  no noise Low-temperature operation Low-temperature operation Modularity Modularity

Features Power Transmission : Power Transmission : H2 fuel cell stack and 3-phase AC motor – power transmission mechanism H2 fuel cell stack and 3-phase AC motor – power transmission mechanism Fuel cell stack made up of 200 individual cells connected in series – 94kW(125 bhp) of continuous power and 129kW(173 bhp) at peak power Fuel cell stack made up of 200 individual cells connected in series – 94kW(125 bhp) of continuous power and 129kW(173 bhp) at peak power Cell stack kept cool by conventional radiator system Cell stack kept cool by conventional radiator system System delivers DC voltage ranging from 125 to 200 volts, depending on load in the circuit System delivers DC voltage ranging from 125 to 200 volts, depending on load in the circuit

Motor controller boosts voltage up to 250 to 380 volts and converts to AC current – to drive 3-phase motor, that rotates the wheels Motor controller boosts voltage up to 250 to 380 volts and converts to AC current – to drive 3-phase motor, that rotates the wheels Motor applies torque to the front wheel axle – to spin front wheels Motor applies torque to the front wheel axle – to spin front wheels Max. power from fuel cell stack – motor spins at 12,000 rpm,delivering a torque of 159 pound feet Max. power from fuel cell stack – motor spins at 12,000 rpm,delivering a torque of 159 pound feet Single stage planetary gear, with ratio 8.67:1, steps up the torque to a max. of 1375 pound feet to each wheel – enough to move the 1905kg car at 100 mph Single stage planetary gear, with ratio 8.67:1, steps up the torque to a max. of 1375 pound feet to each wheel – enough to move the 1905kg car at 100 mph Smaller motors maneuver the wheels to steer the car Smaller motors maneuver the wheels to steer the car Electrically controlled brake calipers Electrically controlled brake calipers

Control : Control : “Brain” of Hy-Wire – Central computer housed in the middle of chassis “Brain” of Hy-Wire – Central computer housed in the middle of chassis Computer connects to the body electronics through a single Universal Docking Port Computer connects to the body electronics through a single Universal Docking Port Transmits constant stream of electronic command signals from controller to the central computer Transmits constant stream of electronic command signals from controller to the central computer As well as feedback signals from computer to the controller As well as feedback signals from computer to the controller Driver’s control unit – X-Drive – similar to video game controller than a conventional steering wheel and pedal arrangement Driver’s control unit – X-Drive – similar to video game controller than a conventional steering wheel and pedal arrangement

X-drive can go anywhere in the passenger compartment – currently X-drive swings around to either of two front seats X-drive can go anywhere in the passenger compartment – currently X-drive swings around to either of two front seats Driver can brake and accelerate with his hands Driver can brake and accelerate with his hands Two ergonomic grips, positioned to the left and right of a LCD monitor Two ergonomic grips, positioned to the left and right of a LCD monitor

To steer – glide the grips up and down lightly To steer – glide the grips up and down lightly To accelerate - turn either grip, just like turning the throttle on a motorcycle To accelerate - turn either grip, just like turning the throttle on a motorcycle To brake – squeeze either grip To brake – squeeze either grip Electronic motion sensors, translate this motion into a digital signal that the central computer can recognize Electronic motion sensors, translate this motion into a digital signal that the central computer can recognize

The colour monitor in the center of the controller displays all the stuff normally found on the dashboard – speed, mileage, fuel level The colour monitor in the center of the controller displays all the stuff normally found on the dashboard – speed, mileage, fuel level Also gives rear view images from video camera on the sides and back of car – instead of conventional mirrors Also gives rear view images from video camera on the sides and back of car – instead of conventional mirrors Vehicle can be fine tuned without changing anything in the car’s mechanical components – it just takes some new “software” to adjust steering, accelerator or brake sensitivity Vehicle can be fine tuned without changing anything in the car’s mechanical components – it just takes some new “software” to adjust steering, accelerator or brake sensitivity

Other features : Other features : Front wheel drive vehicle Front wheel drive vehicle Very open from front to rear – there is no engine compartment Very open from front to rear – there is no engine compartment Driver provided with greater freedom Driver provided with greater freedom Single docking port provides the electrical connection between the all-aluminum chassis and the fiberglass body Single docking port provides the electrical connection between the all-aluminum chassis and the fiberglass body

Technical Specifications Top speed : 100 mph (161 kph) Top speed : 100 mph (161 kph) Weight : 4185 pounds (1898 kg) Weight : 4185 pounds (1898 kg) Chassis length : 14 ft 3 in (4.3 m) Chassis length : 14 ft 3 in (4.3 m) Chassis width : 5 ft 5.7 in (1.67 m) Chassis width : 5 ft 5.7 in (1.67 m) Chassis thickness : 11 in (28 cm) Chassis thickness : 11 in (28 cm) Motor : 250 to 380 volt 3-phase asynchronous electric motor Motor : 250 to 380 volt 3-phase asynchronous electric motor Crash protection : front and rear “crush zones” – to absorb impact energy Crash protection : front and rear “crush zones” – to absorb impact energy

A Few Concerns Safety is the biggest concern : no connection between driver and mechanical elements – an electric failure would mean total loss of control Safety is the biggest concern : no connection between driver and mechanical elements – an electric failure would mean total loss of control Adding adequate crash protection Adding adequate crash protection Energy efficient methods required for producing, transporting and storing H2 for the fuel cell stacks Energy efficient methods required for producing, transporting and storing H2 for the fuel cell stacks Current state of technology producing H2 fuel can generate about as much pollution as using gasoline engines & storage systems still have a long way to go Current state of technology producing H2 fuel can generate about as much pollution as using gasoline engines & storage systems still have a long way to go

Fuel cells cost atleast 10 times more than conventional power trains Fuel cells cost atleast 10 times more than conventional power trains Present hydrogen storage systems provide perhaps 150 miles of driving Present hydrogen storage systems provide perhaps 150 miles of driving Setting up infrastructure dedicated to service and maintenance of these cars is an expensive affair – such as fuel refilling, body changing, etc. Setting up infrastructure dedicated to service and maintenance of these cars is an expensive affair – such as fuel refilling, body changing, etc.

Advantages – for the Car Increases responsiveness of system, thereby better steering and braking Increases responsiveness of system, thereby better steering and braking Negates usage of steering column, reduces the number of moving parts Negates usage of steering column, reduces the number of moving parts Positive environmental implications through elimination of brake fluids as well as significant safety benefits Positive environmental implications through elimination of brake fluids as well as significant safety benefits Increased capability due to fault monitoring and diagnostics Increased capability due to fault monitoring and diagnostics

Advantages – for the driver Enhanced driving experience Enhanced driving experience Less tiring Less tiring Provides more space for passengers upfront due to absence of steering column and associated linkages Provides more space for passengers upfront due to absence of steering column and associated linkages Less or nil maintenance due to near absence of any moving parts Less or nil maintenance due to near absence of any moving parts

Disadvantages Lack of in-house talent for programming of software for the electronics Lack of in-house talent for programming of software for the electronics Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Present limitations of technology makes it an expensive investment Present limitations of technology makes it an expensive investment

CONCLUSION the chassis architecture provides designers the freedom to create a number of different body styles. the chassis architecture provides designers the freedom to create a number of different body styles. The GM concept provides much more value than just zero emissions and twice the fuel economy The GM concept provides much more value than just zero emissions and twice the fuel economy It would provide very affordable all-wheel drive, unprecedented safety and comfort, It would provide very affordable all-wheel drive, unprecedented safety and comfort,, no oil changes, maintenance worries or trips to the gas station.

Hy-Wire on the road

Chassis sketch

- X-drive driving control Interiors of the Hy-Wire -

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