© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 9 Peripheral and Autonomic Nervous System

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Peripheral Nervous System Nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord with sensory receptors, muscles, and glands Afferent peripheral system –Conveys information from the periphery back to the brain and spinal cord Efferent peripheral system –Somatic – from brain and spinal cord to skeletal muscle –Autonomic – from brain and spinal cord to smooth muscle

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Efferent Peripheral System Somatic nervous system –Responds to changes in the external environment Autonomic nervous system –Sympathetic : fight or flight response (norepinephrine) –Parasympathetic: rest and digest response (acetylcholine)

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Nerves Bundles of nerve fibers enclosed by connective tissue –Sensory or afferent nerves –Motor or efferent nerves –Mixed nerves

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cranial and Spinal Nerves Part of the peripheral nervous system 12 pairs of cranial nerves –Originate from the brain and brain stem 31 pairs of spinal nerves –Direct connection to the spinal cord –Plexus –Largest spinal nerve: sciatic

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cranial Nerves (1 of 3) I –Olfactory II –Optic III –Oculomotor IV –Trochlear

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cranial Nerves (2 of 3) V –Trigeminal VI –Abducens VII –Facial VIII –Vestibulocochlear

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cranial Nerves (3 of 3) IX –Glossopharyngeal X –Vagus XI –Spinal accessory XII –Hypoglossal

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Spinal Nerve Plexus Cervical plexus Brachial plexus Lumbar plexus Sacral plexus

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Autonomic Nervous System Nerves, ganglia, and plexuses that carry impulses to all smooth muscle, secretory glands, and heart muscle Sympathetic system Parasympathetic system Strongly influenced by emotion

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Sympathetic System (1 of 2) Consists primarily of two cords, beginning at the base of the brain and proceeding down both sides of the spinal column Nerves extend to all vital organs Fight-or-flight system

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Sympathetic System (2 of 2) Learning to cope with stress is essential to preventing overstimulation of this system and the subsequent problems –It was meant for acute stress, not chronic stress

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Parasympathetic System Vagus nerve Pelvic nerves Counteracts effects of the sympathetic nervous system Brings the body back to homeostasis

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Reflex Arc Simplest type of nervous response Unconscious and involuntary Stimulus Receptors Response

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Biofeedback Measurement of physiological responses Yields information about the relationships between the mind and the body Can learn to manipulate these responses through mental activity Enhances relaxation

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders (1 of 2) Neuritis Peripheral neuropathy Sciatica Neuralgia

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders (2 of 2) Trigeminal neuralgia Bell’s palsy Shingles or herpes zoster Carpal tunnel syndrome

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of Anesthesia Local numbing of area Regional anesthesia –Spinal anesthesia –Epidural anesthesia –Nerve blocks General anesthesia