® ISPRS Congress 2016 Advancements in Open Geospatial Standards for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing ISPRS Congress 2016 George Percivall Chief Engineer and CTO Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium

OGC ® The OGC Mission Global forum for collaboration of developers and users of spatial data products and services Advance development of international standards for geospatial interoperability. Source: 3d Stadtmodell Berlin Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium Source: One GeologySource: Space Time Toolkit

OGC ® Visualization / Decision Tools and Applications GeoAPI OpenLS SLD SE Data Models and Encodings WMC FE GML GeoXACML KML CityGML OpenGeoSMS IndoorGML GeoSparql WaterML GeoPackage NetCDF GMLJP2 OGC Services Architecture Other Data Processing Services OpenMI WPS TJS WCPS Geospatially Enabled Metadata Discovery Services CSW OpenSearch Geo ebRIM WMS WMTS WFS Simple Features Access Simple Features Access Access Services Geospatial Feature Data Geospatial Browse/Maps Geospatial Coverage Data WCS Other Services Workflow, Alerts, Security Sensors Puck SOS SPS O&M SensorML Sensor Web Enablement DiscoverTaskAccess Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium

OGC ® Two Technology Trends in Geomatics New sensors and platforms –UAVs, LIDAR, Citizen Science Big Geospatial Data –Cloud hosting of remote sensing Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium

OGC ® UAV Data Geoprocessing UAVs bring new geographic information to many application domains UASs similar to other geographic imagery systems so existing frameworks are applicable But challenges unique to UASs exist in processing and creation of geospatial products Challenges motivate use of existing standards and extending standards Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium COMMON APPROACH TO GEOPROCESSING OF UAV DATA ACROSS APPLICATION DOMAINS, ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences}, V. XL-1/W4, 2015,pp , ISPRS UAV-g2015 Conference photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XL-1-W4/275/2015/ photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XL-1-W4/275/2015/

OGC ® NASA and US Forest Service UAS missions Ikhana UAV with multispectral sensor Fire intelligence to management teams Web access to geospatial processing services Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium Source: Ambrosia, G., Sullivan, D., Buechel, S., GSA Special Paper 482

OGC ® Challenges with UAS technology Image distortion with inexpensive digital cameras Sensors have low or no metadata which hinders use of sensor data Limited accuracy of the exterior information: position, orientation Need for smooth, fast workflow: raw to classified imagery Requirements for accountability increase requirements on provenance in data processing Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium

OGC ® Managing UAS complexity Manage proliferation of sensors on UAV platforms –Mission planning: after the most appropriate UAV is determined, it is time to choose which kind of sensor will be accompany to the UAV. Using SensorML to manage specifications –Platforms: helicopter, quadcopter, blimp and airplane –Sensors: micro analog, HD camera, lowlight and thermal camera –In a database to support processing, e.g., MATLAB, BPEL Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium Source: C. Avci,, Halmstad University

OGC ® Point Clouds Many types of point clouds: LiDAR/laser, bathymetric, meteorologic, photogrammetric… OGC Point Cloud Working Group established in July 2015 Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium

OGC ® Point Cloud Survey Results Questions ranging from storage, transfer, size, tools, etc. –188 responses from 175 different organizations Based on Survey - priorities for the OGC DWG are: –Further collaborate with ASPRS on LAS –Explore HDF5 as format for Point Cloud data –Interoperable steaming Point Cloud webservices Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium

OGC ® Big Geospatial Data Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium 1PB in 1995 required a large building 1PB in 2015 requires a 1 car garage

OGC ® Trends in Distributed Computing for Geospatial Past –Big data centers holding national archives It was new to have a data center for multiple mission –Catalogue discovery; Download by FTP –Web mapping innovation – Landsat WMS Global Mosaic, Jan 2004 Emerging –Commercial cloud hosting of large archives, local processing Currently not considering portability and open processing interfaces –Catalogue/semantic discovery; Download by FTP/Linked Data –WMS for many datasets – NASA GIBS –Web Service access to data in archives –Proliferation of APIs. Degradation of interoperability. Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium

OGC ® Federated Remote Sensing Data Systems GEOSS 10 Year Plan –System of systems requires open, consensus standards. –Multiple organizations began been preparing for this challenge before GEOSS was defined –Standards and common practices have been developed by organizations like ISPRS, IEEE and OGC. (GEOSS-OGC, 2010.) Common Framework for Earth Observation Data –US President’s Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP, 2016) – US GEO –“By standardizing protocols for finding, accessing, and using Earth- observation data, the Common Framework will make it easier to obtain and assemble data from diverse sources for improved analysis, understanding, decision-making, community resilience, and commercial use.” Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium

OGC ® US OSTP - Common Framework for Earth Observation Data Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium

OGC ® BDP Open Access Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium NOAA Big Data Program

Conceptual Overview of NOAA Big Data Project Earth Observations Earth Observations Model Outputs Agency Service Tier Access ServicesCatalog MetadataFormatting agency security boundary Customer 1Customer 2Customer 3 integration functions analysis functions master copy of data agency-provided services Cloud IaaS provider(s) [Infrastructure as a Service] working copy of data application & product providers new customers & lines of business Custom Product/ App #1 Custom Product/ App #2 Custom Product/ App #3 Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium Accesibility using open, non-proprietary formats/APIs

OGC ® Scalability of Web Mapping in Cloud Web mapping protocols refined for scalability Response time with concurrent users for –WMS: linear –WMTS: flat to 1800 OGC Testbed 10 Performance of OGC Services in the Cloud ER (Editor Edric Keighan, OGC r1) Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium OGC Testbed 10: Concurrent access to OGC-compliant map servers on Amazon EC2

OGC ® Processing in the Cloud Cloud processing of SBAS data –Keep processing close to data –WPS open interface vs. proprieatary APIs Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium 64 diff SAR scenes for generation of timeseries –Show ground displacements over a decade in geological sensitive areas Part of an ongoing effort from ESA, CNR-IREA and Terradue

OGC ® Cloud hosting of predictive models Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium Modeling for SF Bay flood scenario OGC Testbed 11 Demo Video US Climate Data Initiative – Sea level rise prediction with Model access using WPS in OGC Testbed 11

OGC ® Moving to Global-scale Analysis Traditional GIS and image analysis approaches assume flat earth geometries = simpler code… but data is warped to fit the “flattened” view of the Earth. –OK for local scales (where approximate Earth surface is relatively flat) –But Fails at larger scales (where curvature of the Earth becomes significant.) Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium

OGC ® Discrete Global Grid Systems “…a spatial reference system that uses a hierarchical tessellation of cells to partition and address the globe. DGGS are characterized by the properties of their cell structure, geo-encoding, quantization strategy and associated mathematical functions.” –OGC DGGS Candidate Standard Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium

OGC ® Standardising Discrete Global Grid Systems Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium Different Cell Shapes Square = FamiliarTriangular = FastHexagonal = Fineness of Fit nD Spatial Analyses  1D Array Processes Unique Cell Indices Hierarchy-based, Space-filling Curve, Axes-based or Encoded Address

OGC ® IoT Message Streaming Social Media Message Processing ETL Stream processing using RDF Observation Sources Users and consuming apps High Velocity Ingest Wide Area Motion Imagery Entity-oriented Spatial-temporal analytics Grid-oriented Spatial-temporal analytics Feature Fusion GeoAnalytics, Machine Learning Remote sensed data processing Machine Learning Array databases NoSQL databases Graph databases Geospatial Databases Built environment models Integrated environmental models Modeling and simulation Spatial Modeling Use Cases for Big Geo Data Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium

OGC ® For Details on OGC Standards… OGC Standards –Freely available – George Percivall gpercivall at Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium

OGC ® Coordination of Standards Development: OGC and ISPRS ISPRS and OGC have identified these areas of common interest 3D Data Visualization, CityGML, IndoorGML Web Services for Remote Sensed data Sensor Web and IoT Discrete Global Grid Systems (DGGS) ISPRS IJGI – OGC Special Issue ASPRS Manual of Remote Sensing, version 4 th Further coordination between ISPRS and OGC representatives is anticipated during the ISPRS Congress in 2016 Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium

OGC ® ISPRS IJGI – OGC Special Issue Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium