T HE P ERIODIC T ABLE

Element Song

W HO WAS THE FIRST TO MAKE A PERIODIC TABLE ? Dimitri Mendeleev

W HAT DID M ENDELEEV DO ? He arranged the Periodic Table by increasing mass.

H OW DID HE MAKE THE ODD SHAPE ? He also looked at similar characteristics. He grouped them into rows and columns.

W HAT ELSE DID M ENDELEEV DO ? He left some open places where he knew elements needed to fit in.

W HAT ABOUT THESE MISSING ELEMENTS ? He was able to predict the missing characteristics of these elements as well. (and was almost correct!)

W HO WAS THE GUY THAT CAME IN AND “ FIXED ” THE PERIODIC TABLE ? Henry Moseley

H OW DID HE “ FIX ” IT ? He arranged it by the number of protons, which he called the atomic number.

S O, THE ATOMIC NUMBER IS THE NUMBER OF PROTONS ? Yes.

H OW ARE THE ELEMENTS ARRANGED ? In periods or groups

W HAT IS A PERIOD ? The horizontal rows

H OW MANY PERIODS ARE THERE ? 7

H OW MANY GROUPS ARE THERE ? 18, they go vertical

W HAT ABOUT THE BOTTOM 2 ROWS ? They don’t have groups.

W HAT IS ANOTHER TERM FOR GROUP ? Family (Families have names, groups have numbers)

W HY IS THE PERIODIC TABLE PERIODIC ? Periodic means “in set patterns”. There are many patterns in the periodic table

W HAT IS THIS REFERRED TO ? Periodic law

W HAT IS PERIODIC LAW ? It just states that when arranged by increasing atomic number, the periods and groups have similar characteristics

W HAT IS THE FIRST OF THE SIMILAR CHARACTERISTICS ? Metals, non metals and metalloids

W HAT IS A METAL ? An element that is a conductor of heat and electricity, has luster, is ductile and malleable.

W HAT IS LUSTER ? It is shiny

W HAT IS DUCTILE ? It can be made into wires.

W HAT IS MALLEABLE ? It can be made into thin sheets

W HERE CAN YOU FIND THE METALS ON THE PERIODIC TABLE ? Mainly to the left hand side of the stairstep.

W HY MAINLY ? Hydrogen is excluded.

W HAT IS THE STAIR STEP ? It starts between B and Al, and stair steps to the bottom of the PT.

W HAT ARE METALLOIDS ? Elements that touch the stair step on a full side, except Al and Po.

W HAT PROPERTIES TO METALLOIDS HAVE ? They have properties of metals and non-metals.

W HAT ARE NON - METALS ? Elements to the right of the stair step, and H

W HAT PROPERTIES DO THEY ALL SHARE ? They are all non conductors of heat and electricity, are dull, and brittle.

W HAT ARE THE FAMILIES ON THE PERIODIC TABLE ? Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth Metals Transition Metals Halogens Noble Gases Hydrogen Lanthanides and Actinides

W HAT ARE A LKALI M ETALS ? Group number 1, except Hydrogen They all have one valence electron Are very soft EXTREMELY reactive Only found as compounds in nature Properties of metals

W HAT ARE THE ALKALINE E ARTH M ETALS ? Group 2 All have 2 valence electrons Very reactive Soft Properties of metals

W HAT ARE THE TRANSITION METALS ? Groups 3-12 Varying numbers of valence electrons Properties of metals All solids, except Hg

W HAT ARE THE H ALOGENS ? Group 17 All have 7 valence electrons Most reactive non metals Properties of non metals

W HAT ARE THE NOBLE GASES ? Also called inert gases Have full valence shells. (He is 2, rest 8) All gases DO NOT react with other elements Properties of non metals

W HAT ABOUT HYDROGEN ? It “lives” above the alkali metals because it has 1 valence electron It is a non metal

W HAT ARE THE LANTHANIDES AND A CTINIDES ? The 2 rows at the bottom of the PT All Metals Mostly radioactive or man made

W HAT ABOUT GROUPS 13-16? They don’t have special names. But have similar numbers of valence electrons valence 14-4 valence valence valence

SO HOW MANY IS THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF VALENCE ELECTRONS ? 8, according to the modern theory. (except H and He only need 2)

H OW DO I SHOW THE NUMBER OF VALENCE ELECTRONS ? With a Lewis Dot Diagram

W HAT D OES IT LOOK LIKE ? Has the symbol in the middle of up to 8 dots, 2 per side, only double up if necessary ClK

W HAT DOES AN ATOM DO TO GET A FULL 8 ELECTRONS IN ITS VALENCE SHELL ? It will lose or gain ELECTRONS to form ions. Protons will ALWAYS stay the SAME!

W HAT IS AN ION ? An atom that gains or loses electrons to form a full octet.

W HAT IS AN OCTET ? A full valence shell of 8 valence electrons (well, 2 for H and He)

W HAT IS AN ATOM THAT LOSES ELECTRONS CALLED ? Cations

W HAT CHARGE DOES A CATION HAVE ? Positive, because there are more protons than electrons.

W HAT IS AN OXIDATION NUMBER ? The charge on the ion. It tells the number of electrons lost or gained. Could be positive or negative

E XAMPLE : Mg +2 Cl - Al +3

W HAT IS AN ANION ? An atom that gains electrons to have a full octet. Has a negative charge.

P RACTICE : How many p +, n o, and e - do the following have: K + Cl - Ba +2 C +4 C -4 ProtonsNeutronsElectrons

H OW CAN I USE THE PT TO FIGURE OUT OXIDATION NUMBERS ? By group number: Group 1 = +1 Group 2 = +2 Group 13 = +3 Group 14 = +4 or -4 Group 15 = -3 Group 16 = -2 Group 17 = -1

W HAT ABOUT GROUPS 3-12? They lose different numbers of electrons, but all lose electrons.

H OW DO I KNOW HOW MANY ELECTRONS GROUPS 3-12 LOSE ? It will be given to you, but most are +1 or +2

W HAT ARE THE OTHER TRENDS ON THE PERIODIC TABLE ? Atomic radius Electronegativity Ionization energy Ionic radius

W HAT IS ATOMIC RADIUS ? How large the atom is.

W HAT IS THE TREND ? As you go down a group, they get larger (you add energy levels). As you go across a period, they get smaller (they want to hold onto their electrons the closer they get to 8)

W HAT IS ELECTRONEGATIVITY (EN)? The willingness for an atom to attract and gain electrons.

W HAT IS THE TREND FOR EN? Going down a group, EN decreases Going across a period, EN increases INCREASES DECREASES

W HAT IS I ONIZATION E NERGY (IE)? The energy needed to remove an electron.

W HAT IS THE TREND FOR IE? Going down a group, IE decreases Going across a period IE increases It’s the same trend as EN!

W HAT IS I ONIC R ADIUS ? The size of the ion vs the atomic radius.

W HAT HAPPENS TO AN ATOM ONCE IT GETS A FULL OCTET ? It will shrink as small as possible to hold onto its electrons.