Chapter 22 Ecosystems & Biomes 22.1 Energy flow in Ecosystems 22.1 Energy flow in Ecosystems 22.2 Cycles of Matter 22.2 Cycles of Matter 22.3 Biogeography 22.3 Biogeography 22.4 Biomes and Aquatic Ecosystems 22.4 Biomes and Aquatic Ecosystems Chapter Introduction Videos:

What is an ecosystem? An is made up of a group of living things and their physical surroundings. An ecosystem is made up of a group of living things and their physical surroundings. The living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem work together like a team. The living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem work together like a team.

Photosynthesis and energy Sunlight is almost always the first type of energy to enter an ecosystem. Sunlight is almost always the first type of energy to enter an ecosystem.

Producers Make their own food/energy Make their own food/energy Use the sun to go through the process of photosynthesis Use the sun to go through the process of photosynthesis Includes plants, algae and some bacteria Includes plants, algae and some bacteria

Consumers Can’t make their own energy, get it by eating producers or other consumers Can’t make their own energy, get it by eating producers or other consumers Herbivore – eats only plants Herbivore – eats only plants Carnivore – eats only animals Carnivore – eats only animals Omnivores – eats both plants and animals Omnivores – eats both plants and animals

Decomposers A is a living thing that consumes waste and dead organisms to get energy. A decomposer is a living thing that consumes waste and dead organisms to get energy. Decompose means “to break down”. Decompose means “to break down”.

Scavenger vs. Decomposer Scavengers eat dead animals for energy Scavengers eat dead animals for energy –Examples include turkey vultures Decomposers get energy by breaking down the remains of dead organisms Decomposers get energy by breaking down the remains of dead organisms –Recyclers, bacteria and fungi

Food Chains A food chain shows how each member of an ecosystem gets its food. A food chain shows how each member of an ecosystem gets its food. A simple food chain links a producer, an herbivore, and one or more carnivores. A simple food chain links a producer, an herbivore, and one or more carnivores. Which is the carnivore?

Energy and food chains A diagram in the shape of a pyramid is a good way to show how energy moves from one feeding level to the next in a food chain. A diagram in the shape of a pyramid is a good way to show how energy moves from one feeding level to the next in a food chain.

Food webs Most animals are part of more than one food chain. Most animals are part of more than one food chain. We can connect many food chains to form a food web. We can connect many food chains to form a food web.

Food Chain/Web Poster Project Due: Friday 5/8/2015

22.2 Cycles of Matter Living things need water and sunlight. Living things need water and sunlight. Nature allows water to recycle so it can be used in many ecosystems. Nature allows water to recycle so it can be used in many ecosystems. Water supply depends on the Water supply depends on the Water cycle.

Water Cycle Cycles through atmosphere, ocean, and land

Water Cycle Major processes that bring water into the atmosphere Major processes that bring water into the atmosphere –Evaporation Evaporation - water heats up, forming water vapor, which then moves into atmosphere. Evaporation - water heats up, forming water vapor, which then moves into atmosphere. Transpiration - water from plant leaves evaporates. Transpiration - water from plant leaves evaporates. –Condensation Cloud formation as water vapor in atmosphere cools, condensing into the small droplets that form clouds. Cloud formation as water vapor in atmosphere cools, condensing into the small droplets that form clouds.

Water Cycle Major process that brings water out of the atmosphere: Major process that brings water out of the atmosphere: –Precipitation Droplets that formed clouds become to large and are released as snow, sleet, hail, or rain. Droplets that formed clouds become to large and are released as snow, sleet, hail, or rain.

Carbon Cycle How is carbon taken up and released? How is carbon taken up and released? –Photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition –Erosion, volcanic activity, and other geological activity –Fossil fuel formation (deposition) –Human activity All these activities transfer carbon dioxide. All these activities transfer carbon dioxide.

Carbon & Oxygen Cycles

Carbon Facts 71% of world’s carbon is in the oceans. 71% of world’s carbon is in the oceans. –Mostly as carbonate and bicarbonate (dissolved ionic forms of carbon dioxide). 22% exists as fossils. 22% exists as fossils. 3% contained in dead organic matter and phytoplankton. 3% contained in dead organic matter and phytoplankton. 3% held in terrestrial ecosystems. 3% held in terrestrial ecosystems. Only 1% within the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Only 1% within the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.

The carbon- oxygen cycle describes how the ecosystem uses these important elements. The carbon- oxygen cycle describes how the ecosystem uses these important elements. The water and carbon-oxygen cycles

Nitrogen Cycle What form does most nitrogen exist in? What form does most nitrogen exist in? –Nitrogen gas in the atmosphere (N 2 ) Why is this a bad thing? Why is this a bad thing? –This form is not readily usable by most organisms and is often considered inert. –“Inert” because of a triple covalent bond, which is a very strong chemical bond.

Nitrogen Fixation How do we get to a usable form? How do we get to a usable form? –Bacterial nitrogen fixation –Atmospheric nitrogen fixation –Decomposition and excretion What are these usable forms? What are these usable forms? –Ammonia (NH 3 ), Nitrate (NO 3 - ) and nitrite (NO 2 - ).

Nitrogen Cycle What process removes usable nitrogen? What process removes usable nitrogen? – Denitrification Bacteria convert nitrates back into nitrogen gas Bacteria convert nitrates back into nitrogen gas