Chapter 4. Reaction of Aqueous Solution 反應水 溶液 Introductory of Chemistry English 96-1 Semester

4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solution  Solution  Solute  Solvent  Aqueous solution  Gas, gaseous  Solid  Liquid 溶液 溶質 溶劑 水溶液 氣體, 氣體的 固體 液體

 A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.  The substance present in a smaller amount is called the solute, whereas the substance present a larger amount is called the solvent.  In aqueous solutions, the solute initially is a liquid or a solid and the solvent is water.

4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solution  Electrolyte  Nonelectrolyte 電解質 非電解質

 An electrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved in water, results in a solution that can conduct electricity.  A nonelectrolyte does not conduct electricity when dissolved in water.

4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solution  Hydration  Reversible reaction  Chemical equilibrium 水合 可逆反應 化學平衡 The process in which an ion is surrounded by water molecules arranged in a specific manner is called hydration. Hydration helps to stabilize ions in solution and prevents cations from combining with anions.

4.2 Precipitation Reaction  Precipitation reaction  Precipitate  Metathesis reaction  Solubility 沉澱反應 沉澱物 雙置換反應 溶解度 Precipitation reaction results in the formation of an insoluble product, or precipitate. A precipitate is an insoluble solid that separates from the solution.

 Metathesis reaction (also called a double displacement reaction) is a reaction that involves the exchange pf parts between two compounds.  Solubility of a solute is defined as the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given quantity of solvent at a specific temperature.

4.2 Precipitation Reaction

 Molecular equation  Ionic equation  Net ionic equation

4.3 Acid-Base Reaction  Br Ø nsted Acids  Br Ø nsted Bases  Hydronium ion  Monoprotic acids  Diprotic acid  Tripotic acids 布朗斯特酸 布朗斯特鹼 H 3 O + 單質子酸 雙質子酸 三質子酸

4.3 Acid-Base Reaction  Acid-base neutralization  Neutralization reaction  Salt 酸鹼中和 中和反應 鹽類

 A Bronsted acid is a proton donor, and a Bronsted base is a proton acceptor.

 The hydrated proton H 3 O + is called the hydronium ion.

 Neutralization reaction is a reaction between and acid and a base.

 Generally, aqueous acid-base reactions produce water and a salt, which is an ionic compound made upon a cation other than H + and an anion other than OH - or O 2-.

4.4 Oxidation-Reduction reaction  Oxidation-reduction reaction  Redox reaction  Half reaction  Oxidation reaction  Reduction reaction  Reducing agent  Oxidation agent  Oxidation number  Oxidation state 氧化還原反應 半反應 氧化反應 還原反應 還原劑 氧化劑 氧化數 氧化態

4.4 Oxidation-Reduction reaction  Combination reactions  Decomposition reaction  Combustion reaction  Displacement reaction  Hydrogen displacement  Metal displacement  Halogen displacement 結合反應 分解反應 燃燒反應 置換反應 氫置換 金屬置換 鹵素置換

Activity series for metals

4.5 Concentration of Solution  Concentration of solution  Molarity  Molar concentration  Dilution 溶液的濃度 體積莫耳濃度 莫耳濃度 稀釋

Preparing a solution of known molarity

(a) A known amount of a solid solute is transferred into the volumetric flask; then water is added through a funnel Preparing a solution of known molarity (a)

(b) The solid is slowly dissolved by gently swirling the flask. Preparing a solution of known molarity (b)

Preparing a solution of known molarity (c) (c) After the solid has completely dissolved, more water is added to bring the level of solution to the mark. Knowing the volume of the solution and the amount of solute dissolved in it, we can calculate the molarity of the prepared solution.

Dilution

4.6 Solution Stoichiometry  Gravimetric analysis  Acid-base titration 質量分析 酸鹼滴定

Gravimetric analysis

Acid-base titration  Titration  Standard solution  Equivalent point  Indicator 滴定 標準溶液 當量點 指示劑

Acid-base titration Apparatus for acid-base titration. A NaOH solution is added from the buret to a KHP solution in an Erlenmeyer flask.

A reddish-pink color appears when the equivalence point is reached. Acid-base titration