 The ability to read and write

 How do you think education was controlled?  What was the purpose of education in the middle ages?

 Boys of noble birth only  Studied grammar, rhetoric, Latin, astronomy, philosophy, arithmetic and geometry  Run by the Church

 Knights taught to read and write  Focus on physical training

 How did the limits on education affect society?  Politics?  Economics?  Did it affect political control? How?

 Split in Catholic Church  driven by politics Urban VI and Clement VII both claimed to be Pope  Effects: wars between states, peasant uprisings and concern of Church corruption

 John Wycliff (Oxford): criticized abuses and false teachings of the Church, spoke against sale of indulgences and transubstantiation  Jan Hus (Prague): Church officials should only hold spiritual power, not earthly, against sale of indulgences

 Accepted the resignation of both claims to the Papacy (Benedict XIII and John XXIII)  Elected Martin V as the new Pope, ending the schism  Declared John Wycliffe and Jan Hus heretics and excommunicated them  Hus was burned at the stake  Wycliffe died of a stroke

 Future Popes continued to sell indulgences to raise money  Pope Alexander VI had several children  Supposed to be celibate?  Archbishop of Mainz (Ger) purchased his title  In debt = allowed sale of indulgences

 Martin Luther- priest at University of Wittenberg  Parishioners began to buy indulgences  Claim they no longer had to repent  Luther wrote 95 Theses to summarize his grievances with the Church

 Invented in 1441 by Johannes Gutenberg  Movable type  Production increase  40 pages/day to 3,600 pages/day

 Used printing press to spread pamphlets and copies of the bible  Increased literacy  Better access to classical canons (official body of rules)  How did the printing press help the Reformation?  Do you think the Reformation would have succeeded without the printing press?