CHAPTER 3 Toolbox
Integer Exponents If a is a real number and n is a positive integer, then a n represents a as a factor n times in a product a n = aaa…aa a is called the base n is called the exponent
Properties of Exponents For any real number a, and integers m and n, a m x a n = a m+n a m ÷ a n = a m-n
Examples
Zero and Negative Exponents
Examples
Absolute Value Absolute value measures the distance between the number inside the absolute value, and zero Always a positive answer If number inside is positive, absolute value does nothing If number inside is negative, absolute vale makes it positive
Examples
Rational Exponents
Examples
Multiplication on Monomials and Binomials Monomials – Polynomials with only one term Binomials – Polynomials with two terms If multiplying monomials together, multiply like terms together If multiplying a monomial with a binomial, multiply the monomial by each term in the binomial If multiplying binomials together, use FOIL method
Examples
Special Binomial Products (x+a)(x-a) = x 2 – a 2 Difference of Two Squares (x+a) 2 = x 2 + 2ax + a 2 Perfect Square Trinomial (x-a) 2 = x 2 – 2ax + a 2 Perfect Square Trinomial
Examples
Factoring When factoring always factor out the Greatest Common Factor (GCF), if one exists
Factoring After GCF, use knowledge of special binomial products to factor
Factoring If there are 4 terms, factor by grouping
Factoring If a trinomial is being factored, follow the following steps to factor StepsExample To factor a quadratic trinomial in the variable x:Factor 5x – 6 + 6x 2 1.Arrange the trinomial with the powers of x in descending order 6x 2 +5x Form the product of the second-degree term and the constant term (first and third terms) 6x 2 (-6) = -36x 2 3.Determine if there are 2 factors of the product in step above that will sum to the middle term of quadratic (if there are no such factors, trinomial cannot be factored) -36x 2 = (-4x)(9x) and -4x + 9x = 5x 4.Replace the middle term from step 1 with the sum of the two factors from step 3 6x 2 +5x – 6 = 6x 2 -4x + 9x Factor the four term polynomial by grouping6x 2 -4x + 9x – 6 = (6x 2 -4x) + (9x – 6) = 2x(3x-2) + 3(3x-2) = (3x-2)(2x+3)
Example
Complex Numbers
Examples
Identify Complex Numbers A + Bi Real = A Imaginary = A + Bi Pure Imaginary = Bi
Homework Page 172 1-31