(c) 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter One: Shaping Your Health

Definitions of Health Episodic: seeking medical treatment when ill or injured Episodic: seeking medical treatment when ill or injured Preventive Medicine: identifying risk factors to lower the risk of illness Preventive Medicine: identifying risk factors to lower the risk of illness

10 Leading Causes of Death in the United States (Figure 1-1)

What is Health Promotion? This concept involves the following to lengthen lives, reduce illness, and feel better: This concept involves the following to lengthen lives, reduce illness, and feel better: Knowledge Knowledge Practices Practices Values Values

Individual vs. Community Health Promotion Individual focuses upon risk reduction that doesn’t always emphasize the reduction of chronic illness Individual focuses upon risk reduction that doesn’t always emphasize the reduction of chronic illness Community places emphasis on a group centered concept to promote empowerment Community places emphasis on a group centered concept to promote empowerment Empowerment: gain more self control over one’s health perspective (i.e., drug prevention within communities at risk) Empowerment: gain more self control over one’s health perspective (i.e., drug prevention within communities at risk)

Priority Health Concerns by the Institute of Medicine (2003) Treat asthma Treat asthma Coordinate care for 60 million chronic sufferers Coordinate care for 60 million chronic sufferers Reduce Diabetes Reduce Diabetes Develop evidence based cancer screenings Develop evidence based cancer screenings Increase pre-natal care availability Increase pre-natal care availability Enhance immunization rates of flu and pneumonia Enhance immunization rates of flu and pneumonia Improve detection of depression Improve detection of depression Promote CVD prevention Promote CVD prevention Reduce nosocomial infections Reduce nosocomial infections Reduce tobacco use Reduce tobacco use

Why Behavior Change is Often Difficult Several factors influence a person to change health behaviors. Several factors influence a person to change health behaviors. Behavior must be associated with a health problem Behavior must be associated with a health problem The belief must exist that the behavior causes the health problem The belief must exist that the behavior causes the health problem Risk prevention-intervention programs exist and can be effective Risk prevention-intervention programs exist and can be effective New behavior can justify the change of old behavior New behavior can justify the change of old behavior People who care about them will be accepting of such changes People who care about them will be accepting of such changes

Stages of Change Prochaska et al. (1994) demonstrated the following 6 stages to accomplish change of health behaviors Prochaska et al. (1994) demonstrated the following 6 stages to accomplish change of health behaviors Pre-contemplation Pre-contemplation Contemplation Contemplation Preparation Preparation Action Action Maintenance Maintenance Termination Termination

Today’s College Students Cover the Following Areas 1. Traditional (early adults = 66%) 2. Non-traditional (older adults) 3. Minority groups (numbers increasing) 4. Disabled population (9.3%)

Identifying Developmental Tasks of Young Adults 1. Forming an initial adult identity (who am I?) 2. Establishing independence 3. Assuming responsibility 4. Broadening social skills 5. Nurturing intimacy

Related Developmental Tasks of Young Adulthood 1. Obtaining entry-level employment 2. Development of parenting skills

Identifying Developmental Tasks for Middle Adults 1. Achieving generativity (giving back) 2. Reassessing original goals/objectives from the young adult stage

Identifying Developmental Tasks for Older Adults 1. Accepting changes of aging 2. Maintaining high levels of physical functioning 3. Establishing a sense of satisfaction of one’s life (integrity)

Multiple Dimensions of Health (aka Holistic Health) 1. Physical 2. Emotional 3. Spiritual 4. Social

Multiple Dimensions of Health (continued) 5. Occupational 6. Intellectual A requirement of health that moves beyond the cure/prevention of illness and the postponement of death.

What is Wellness? A form of health promotion A form of health promotion Uses assessments and information Uses assessments and information Develops boundaries of health beyond mortality/morbidity Develops boundaries of health beyond mortality/morbidity Unlocks an individual’s full potential at discovering a positive lifestyle Unlocks an individual’s full potential at discovering a positive lifestyle

A New Definition of Health A view less centered on the concepts of mortality and morbidity A view less centered on the concepts of mortality and morbidity Two areas of differences to focus upon: Two areas of differences to focus upon: 1) The Role of Health (process of transitions) 1) The Role of Health (process of transitions) 2) The Composition of Health 2) The Composition of Health Intrinsic resources Intrinsic resources Extrinsic resources Extrinsic resources A sense of well-being throughout one’s life

(c) 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter One: Shaping Your Health