Chapter 12 The Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and Helminths

KingdomProtist Nutritional TypeChemoheterotroph MulticellularityNone Cellular ArrangementUnicellular Food Acquisition MethodAbsorptive; ingestive Characteristic FeaturesMotility; some form cysts Embryo FormationNone Protozoa

Characteristics of Protozoa Vegetative form is a trophozoite Asexual reproduction is by fission, budding, or schizogony Sexual reproduction by conjugation Some produce cysts

Medically Important Phyla of Protozoa Archaezoa Microspora Amoebozoa Apicomplexa Ciliophora Euglenozoa

Figure 12.16b Archaezoa No mitochondria Multiple flagella Giardia lamblia Trichomonas vaginalis (no cyst stage)

Figure 12.16c, d Archaezoa

Microspora No mitochondria Nonmotile Intracellular parasites Nosema (honey bee)

Figure 12.17a Amoebozoa Move by pseudopods Entamoeba (mammalians) Acanthamoeba

Apicomplexa Nonmotile Intracellular parasites Complex life cycles Plasmodium (malaria)malaria Babesia (hemolytic disease known as Babesiosis) Babesiosis Cryptosporidium Cyclospora

Figure The Life Cycle of Plasmodium vivax

Figure Ciliates Move by cilia Complex cells Balantidium coli is the only human parasite

Figure Euglenozoa Move by flagella Euglenoids (freshwater) – Photoautotrophs

Figure Euglenozoa Move by flagella Hemoflagellates – Trypanosoma spp. Sleeping sickness Chagas’ disease

Slime Molds Slime mold or mould is a broad term describing protists that use spores to reproduce. Slime molds were formerly classified as fungi, but are no longer considered part of this kingdom Their common name refers to part of some of these organisms' life cycles where they can appear as gelatinous "slime". This is mostly seen with the myxomycets, which are the only macroscopic slime molds.myxomycets

Figure The Life Cycle of a Cellular Slime Mold

Figure The Life Cycle of a Plasmodial Slime Mold

KingdomAnimalia Nutritional TypeChemoheterotroph MulticellularityAll Cellular ArrangementTissues and organs Food Acquisition MethodIngestive; absorptive Characteristic FeaturesElaborate life cycles Embryo FormationAll Helminths

Helminths (Parasitic Worms) Kingdom: Animalia – Phylum: Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Class: Trematodes (flukes) Class: Cestodes (tapeworms) – Phylum: Nematoda (roundworms)

Characteristics of Helminths Reduced digestive system Reduced nervous system Reduced locomotion Complex reproduction

Life Cycle of Helminths Monoecious (hermaphroditic) – Male and female reproductive systems in one animal Dioecious – Separate male and female Egg  larva(e)  adult

Figure Trematodes, or Flukes

Figure The Life Cycle of Trematodes

Figure Cestodes, or Tapeworms

Human as Definitive HostTaenia saginataCysticerci in beef muscle Intermediate Host Echinococcus granulosus Adult in dog

Figure The Heartworm Dirofilaria immitis

Figure Eggs Infective for Humans