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Cultural Geography * What & Why * Questions to be discussed

“ 北方街頭多口号，南方路邊多廣告 ” “ 北京講主義，廣東做生意 ” 孫中山北閥  power 鄧小平南巡  economy 37% 9.3% 54% 49% 9.3% 40% >1.7m1.6 ~1.7m<1.6m

Cultural Geography I. Culture & Cultural Geography II. Origin & Spatial Diffusion of Culture III. Cultural Landscape IV. Folk Culture & Popular Culture

I. Culture & Cultural Geography Culture: A common set of values and beliefs shared by a group of people and transferred from generation to generation.

I. Culture & Cultural Geography Cultural Geography: Study the geographic variation of culture, how geographic conditions shape culture and vice versus. Cultural Landscape: Cultural Landscape: Earth’s surface as modified by human action.

I. Culture & Cultural Geography Cultural Region: Portion of the earth’s surface occupied by populations sharing a similar culture. Cultural Realm: Cultural regions at global scale.

Culture realms of the modern world

Regional variations in expressions of popular culture

II. Origin and Spatial Diffusion Domestication (10,000 years ago) ↓ Using tools & technologies (8,000~3,500 B.C.) ↓ Neolithic Origin of culture

Early centers of plant and animal domestication

Chief centers of plant and animal domestication

II. Origin and Spatial Diffusion Culture Hearth: Culture Hearth: Centers of innovation and invention from which key cultural elements move to influence the surrounding regions. Invention: Invention: create something new. Innovation: Innovation: change to a culture rom within. Alteration

Early culture hearths of the Old World and the Americas

Early Anglo American culture hearths

American folk culture hearths and diffusions

How has culture developed? Evolutionism: Evolutionism: sources of cultural change were embedded in the culture from the beginning, internally determined. Diffusionism: Diffusionism: cultures were developed in very few places and then adopted by other people.

Patterns of Diffusion Relocation Diffusion: Relocation Diffusion: idea or innovation is physically carried to new areas by migrants Expansion Diffusion: Expansion Diffusion: idea or innovation spreads from one place to neighboring locations

Patterns of diffusion

The migration of first farmers

The process of contagious diffusion

The diffusion of innovations over time

The trend of innovation through human history

Barriers to Cultural Diffusion ~ Physical ~ Political ~ Religious Geographic factors in cultural development ~ Endogenous ~ Exogenous

World Distribution of Pigs

Divergence: Different human groups have gone through different stages of cultural development and maintained different ways of life. Convergence: World population increasingly share a common technology and a common way of life.

III. Cultural Landscape Cultural Ecology ~ Environmental determinism ~ Possibilism Cultural Landscape ~ Carl Sauer’s Berkeley School

Carl Sauer’s Cultural Landscape