Friday 16th Turn in: Enzyme/Cell Respiration Lab Write- Up Due Socrative Warm-Up: What is mitochondrial disease? What are the symptoms? Mitochondria are much more than energy factories. What other importance do they serve? ( Agenda: Draw CR from Memory Begin Photosynthesis Lecture Plants Video

Switch to NEARPOD

Taking the information that you have learned about Mitochondrial Disease, explain the impacts of this disease on… 1. Immediate Cellular Processes 2. The Individual 3. A population of people with the disease 4. A Community

Mitochondria 1. Immediate effects on cellular processes – No ATP production 2. Effect on the Individual – Weak, Stunted Growth – Problems with repair and reproduction 3. Effect on population – Decrease over time 4. Effect on community – Decrease genetic variability

Chapter 10 Photosynthesis

WarmUp: Define and diagram the following terms: – Chloroplast – Chlorophyll – Mesophyll – Stomata – Stroma – Thylakoids – Grana

Photosynthesis in Nature Plants and other autotrophs are producers of biosphere Autotrophs: use light E to make organic molecules (Photoautotrophs) Heterotrophs: consume organic molecules from other organisms for E and carbon

Photoautotrophs

6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Light Energy  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

Photosynthesis: Converts light energy to chemical energy of food Chloroplasts: site of photosynthesis in plants Thylakoid space

Leaf Parts mesophyll: chloroplasts mainly found in these cells of leaf (30-40/cell) stomata: pores in leaf (CO 2 enter/O 2 exits) chlorophyll: green pigment in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts

Photosynthesis 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Light Energy  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Redox Reaction: Water is split  e - transferred with H + to CO 2  sugar Water is oxidized, carbon dioxide is reduced Remember: OILRIG Oxidation: lose e - Reduction: gain e -

Activity Label the two phases, main reactants and products of each.

Photosynthesis = Light Reactions + Calvin Cycle “photo”“synthesis” LDR LIR “Dark Reactions”

What Plants Talk About

Homework Bozeman Cellular Respiration / Photosynthesis Video Photosynthesis Guided Notes – Day 1

SO COLD… LET’S WARM UP Go to Join my class and take the quiz – CODE: VVS3HCDDQ

Monday October 19, 2015 WarmUp: Enzymes and Cellular Respiration on Socrative Photosynthesis Lecture: Light Reactions (Review of Guided Notes Day 1) Nearpod What Plants Talk About – Video HW: PreLab #5 Work Study Guide Due on 27 th STEM MEETING AFTER SCHOOL RM 137 and AP BIOLOGY REVIEW AFTER SCHOOL

Step 1: Light Reactions: Convert solar E to chemical E of ATP and NADPH Nature of sunlight Light = Energy = Electromagnetic radiation Shorter wavelength ( λ ): higher E Visible light - detected by human eye Light: reflected, transmitted or absorbed

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Interaction of light with chloroplasts Also called “photons”

Pigments absorb different λ of light Chlorophyll – absorb violet-blue/red light, reflect green  chlorophyll a (blue-green): light reaction, converts solar to chemical E  chlorophyll b (yellow-green): conveys E to chlorophyll a  carotenoids (yellow, orange): photoprotection, broaden color spectrum for photosynthesis

Action Spectrum: effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving photosynthesis (absorption of chlorophylls a, b, & carotenoids combined) Engelmann: used bacteria to measure rate of photosynthesis in algae; established action spectrum Which wavelengths of light are most effective in driving photosynthesis?

H2OH2O CO 2 Light LIGHT REACTIONS CALVIN CYCLE Chloroplast [CH 2 O ] (sugar ) NADPH NADP  ADP + P O2O2 ATP An overview of photosynthesis The light reactions (Thylakoid Membrane – In the Grana) – Split water, release oxygen, produce ATP, and form NADPH The Calvin cycle (Stroma) - Forms sugar from carbon dioxide, using ATP for energy and NADPH for reducing power

LIGHT REACTIONS Light makes ATP = Photophosphorylation

Photons “excite” electrons in the chlorophyll molecules, received by antenna pigments

Photosystem: A reaction center that absorbs different wavelengths of light P680 of Photosystem II: Can only absorb wavelengths up to 680 nm P700 of Photosystem I: Up to 700 nm

Two routes for electron flow: A. Linear (Noncyclic) electron flow - Is the primary pathway of energy transformation in the light reactions B. Cyclic electron flow - Alternate pathway

NonCyclic * Uses both photosystems I and II 1.Light -> Chlorophyll -> Excited 2. e- passed to reaction center P680 of Photosystem II (protein + chlorophyll a) 3. e - captured by primary electron acceptor – Redox reaction  e - transfer down long chain – Some energy is lost and will be used to pump H+ 4.H 2 O is split to replace e -  O 2 formed (called Photolysis)

NonCyclic and Energy Coupling (Chemiosmosis) 5. e - passed to Photosystem I via ETC and get a 2 nd boost 6.H + have accumulated in the thylakoid creating a gradient 7.H + pumped through ATP Synthase, ADP + P create ATP (photophosphorylation) 8. e - from PS I primary electron acceptor go through 2 nd ETC 9.Final electron acceptor: NADP + reduced to NADPH

Mechanical analogy for the light reactions

Cyclic Electron Flow: uses PS I only; produces ATP for Calvin Cycle (no O 2 or NADPH produced) Used when not enough NADP molecules available to accept electrons.

Both respiration and photosynthesis use chemiosmosis to generate ATP but begin with diff. types of energy

Proton motive force generated by: (1)H + from water (2)H + pumped across by cytochrome (3)Removal of H + from stroma when NADP + is reduced

Did you get it? What color of light is LEAST effective in driving photosynthesis? Explain. In the light reactions, what is the electron donor? Where do the electrons end up?

Tuesday – October 20th Agenda: WarmUp: Photosynthesis Video Clip (Nearpod) Pre-Lab #5 Quiz Photosynthesis Lab, Begin Design for Tomorrow HW: Day 2 Prelab (Finish Design for Tomorrow) Study Guide Due on October 27 th Enzyme and Cellular Respiration Quiz After School Today

Wednesday 21st Photosynthesis Lab Part 2 Analyze Conclusion from Enzyme Lab Write-Up Due on Friday Study Guide Due on 27 th STRIVE FOR 5 AP QUESTIONS REVIEW AFTER SCHOOL – Ch 9 Kahoots

Thursday - October 22 nd WarmUp: Enzymes at Work Worksheet (Grab one) Agenda: -Photosynthesis Lecture: Calvin Cycle and Alternate Pathways (Guided Notes – Day 2 Completed Together in Class) -Concept Map on Photosynthesis HW: Start working on Learnerator, Lab Write-Up Due Tmrw **Pick up your journal by the end of 4 th period!!!!** Study Guide Due on 27 th

CALVIN CYCLE Dark Reactions, Light-Independent Reactions

Calvin Cycle: Uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO 2 to sugar Uses ATP, NADPH, CO 2 (from LDR) Produces 3-C sugar G3P (glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate) Three phases: 1.Carbon fixation 2.Reduction 3.Regeneration of RuBP (CO 2 acceptor)

Phase 1: 3 CO 2 + RuBP (5-C sugar ribulose bisphosphate) Catalyzed by enzyme rubisco (RuBP carboxylase) Phase 1: 3 CO 2 + RuBP (5-C sugar ribulose bisphosphate) Catalyzed by enzyme rubisco (RuBP carboxylase)

Phase 2: Use 6 ATP and 6 NADPH to produce 1 net G3P First Stable Product Reduction Step Oxidized Sugar Reduced

Phase 3: Use 3 ATP to regenerate RuBP Two turns (2 G3Ps) to make one glucose.

Photorespiration Intense bright light and arid conditions can stunt C3 plant growth They have to keep their stomata closed (dehydrate) C3 Plants get their name from G3P – a 3-C molecule, 1 st stable product in Calvin Cycle Triggers photorespiration – Rubisco can bind to OXYGEN in place of CO2 – Plant makes less sugar and carbon for the plant Makes CO2 fixing less efficient (- 50% of the fixed carbon) Benefit? Evolutionary Advantage? Early atmosphere: low O 2, high CO 2

Evolutionary Adaptations 1.Problem with C 3 Plants: – CO 2 fixed to 3-C compound in Calvin cycle – Ex. Rice, wheat, soybeans – Hot, dry days: » partially close stomata, ↓CO 2 » Photorespiration » ↓ photosynthetic output (no sugars made)

C4 Plants (HOT AND DRY) – Efficient (ex: corn, sugarcane) – Structural Strategy: Different cells for light reactions and dark reactions – spatially reduces photorespiration – Biochemical: CO 2 combines with an extra enzyme, PEP Carboxylase, to fix carbon – PEP doesn’t bind with OXYGEN – PEP has a high affinity for CO2 – PEP acts as a CO2 PUMP – Makes a 4-C compound (oxaloacetate), 4-C converted to malate and enters bundle sheath cells (tissues surrounding leaf vein) converted to pyruvate and CO2 – CO2 released for uptake into regular Calvin Cycle to make glucose – WHY? Advantage in hot, sunny areas,↓photorespiration by closing stomata, ↑sugar production

C 4 Leaf Anatomy

CAM – Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) – Family: Crassulacean – Ex. cacti, pineapples, succulent (H 2 O-storing) plants – NIGHT: stomata open  CO 2 enters  same as C4 but converts to malic acid instead of malate, then stored – DAY: stomata closed  light reactions supply ATP, NADPH; CO 2 released from organic acids for Calvin cycle – WHY? Advantage in arid conditions

Comparison C3C3 C4C4 CAM C fixation & Calvin together Initially makes a 3-C compound C fixation & Calvin in different cells Initially makes a 4-C compound C fixation & Calvin at different TIMES RubiscoPEP carboxylaseOrganic acid

Importance of Photosynthesis Plant: Glucose for respiration Cellulose Global: O 2 Production Food source

STEM - Friday 23 rd Notecard WarmUp: Carbon and Metabolism Photosynthesis Lab Write-Up Due 1. Review Homework Concept Maps 2. T-Charts 3. Kahoot Game 4. Color Coding 5. Photorespiration Pkt HW: Learnerator, Study Guide Due on 27 th ** FREC Research Design **

AP - Friday 23 rd Notecard WarmUp: Carbon and Metabolism Photosynthesis Lab Write-Up Due 1. Review Homework Concept Maps (Period 2) 2. T-Charts 3. Kahoot Game 4. Color Coding 5. Photorespiration Pkt HW: Learnerator, Study Guide Due on 27 th

Carbon Cycle Photosynthesis: Takes in carbon dioxide and turns it into glucose. Cellular Respiration: Takes that glucose and releases carbon dioxide.

REVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Photosynthesis Light Reaction Light ENERGY H 2 O split organic molecules O 2 evolved ETC regenerate RuBP photophosphorylation ATP chemiosmosis energized electrons Calvin Cycle NADPH CO 2 fixed to RuBP C 3 phosphorylated and reduced G3P glucose & other carbs stored inin which pass down involves both Reduce NADP+ to by mechanism of using in process called to form using

Compare RESPIRATION Plants + Animals Needs O 2 and food Produces CO 2, H 2 O and ATP, NADH Occurs in mitochondria membrane & matrix Oxidative phosphorylation Proton gradient across membrane PHOTOSYNTHESIS Plants Needs CO 2, H 2 O, sunlight Produces glucose, O 2 and ATP, NADPH Occurs in chloroplast thylakoid membrane & stroma Photorespiration Proton gradient across membrane

Compare LIGHT REACTIONSCalvin cycle

Compare Mitochondriachloroplast

Review

During which process of photosynthesis is carbon dioxide consumed? A.Cyclic phosphorylation B.Noncyclic phosphorylation C.The C3 Pathway D.Krebs Cycle

Warm-Up 1.A photon of which color of light would contain more energy: Orange (620 nm) or Blue (480 nm)? Why? 2. What are the components of a photosystem? 3. Compare and contrast heterotrophs to autotrophs. 4. Write the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis.

Warm-Up 1.What is the main function of the Light Reactions? 2.What are the reactants of the Light Reactions? What are the products? 3.Where does the Light Reactions occur? 4.What are the components of a photosystem?

Warm-Up 1.What is the main function of the Calvin Cycle? 2.What are the reactants of the Calvin cycle? What are the products? 3.Where does the Calvin cycle take place? 4.Which enzyme is responsible for carbon fixation?

Warm-Up 1.Draw the chloroplast and label it. Where does the light reaction, Calvin cycle, chemiosmosis occur? 2.What is RuBP, rubisco and G3P? 3.Compare Respiration to Photosynthesis.

Warm-Up 1.Why do C 4 plants photosynthesize without photorespiration? 2.What is the purpose of the proton gradient? 3.State the differences and similarities between C 4 and CAM plants. 4.Why is the leaf shaped and structured as it is? (think structure  function)

What you need to know: The summary equation of photosynthesis including the source and fate of the reactants and products. How leaf and chloroplast anatomy relates to photosynthesis. How photosystems convert solar energy to chemical energy. How linear electron flow in the light reactions results in the formation of ATP, NADPH, and O 2. How chemiosmosis generates ATP in the light reactions. How the Calvin Cycle uses the energy molecules of the light reactions to produce G3P. The metabolic adaptations of C 4 and CAM plants to arid, dry regions.

Monday 26 th FREC 3D Animations HW: Learnerator, Study Guide Due Tmrw STRIVE FOR 5 AP QUESTIONS REVIEW AFTER SCHOOL – Ch 10

Tuesday - October 27th Agenda: Peer Review Study Guides (15 minutes) FRQ (15 minutes) Practice Test

New Test Day Wednesday 28, 2015