1920s and 30s China, India, and changes in Europe

Chinese Revolution 1911 The National Party led by Sun Yixian overthrew emperor - Qing Dynasty ruled since Chinese republic based on democratic ideals, lasted 6 weeks, became military dictatorship until Warlords reigned they looted and murdered. Millions died from famines. When European powers gave parts of China to Japan in the Treaty of Versailles a student led revolt rose up against the Japanese. (May 4 th movement) 1921 The Shanghai Communist party formed, Mao Zedong. The Nationalist party gains strength in the south and supports the communist. Lenin befriends the Nationalists and sends them military advisors and supplies. Fight warlords for power next 6 yrs

Fighting Continues 1927 Defeat warlords, new nationalist leader, Jiang Jieshi Nationalist split with Communist, Civil war breaks out. The Nationalist party kills most of the Communist, they betray Lenin and are recognized by the U.S. and Britain as official govt. The Government was corrupt and ineffective, life in China got worse ’s The Nationalist and Communist continue to fight, many on both sides are killed. Communist led by Mao, major support from rural peasants, communists pushed back into rural hills in N. (Long march) many die Japan began invading Manchuria while they fought each other, bombing killed thousands, 1937 Japan launches full attack on China. The Civil war was put on hold as they fought the Japanese.

India fights back 1800’s -wealthy Indians attend British colleges, learning western ideas, nationalism, democracy. Parties against British rule are formed, Indian National Congress (Hindu) and Muslim league. 1800’s -wealthy Indians attend British colleges, learning western ideas, nationalism, democracy. Parties against British rule are formed, Indian National Congress (Hindu) and Muslim league. WWI- British promised reforms and eventually self- government to 1+ million Indian troops, volunteer for WWI. The British did not keep their promise. WWI- British promised reforms and eventually self- government to 1+ million Indian troops, volunteer for WWI. The British did not keep their promise Indians protested- Rowlatt Act passed- activists jailed for up to 2 years with no trial Indians protested- Rowlatt Act passed- activists jailed for up to 2 years with no trial. Amritsar Massacre- Protest- 10,000 Indians gathered to fast, pray, listen to political speeches. Unaware- illegal to assemble. British troops opened fire on the crowd killing 400, wounding Amritsar Massacre- Protest- 10,000 Indians gathered to fast, pray, listen to political speeches. Unaware- illegal to assemble. British troops opened fire on the crowd killing 400, wounding Gandhi- (Mohandas) Political leader of the Non- violent protest of British rule, went to law school in Britain and was very religious. Gained millions of followers Gandhi- (Mohandas) Political leader of the Non- violent protest of British rule, went to law school in Britain and was very religious. Gained millions of followers

Development of Civil disobedience- public refusal to obey unjust law Indian National Congress endorses civil disobedience. Many were arrested, riots break out Indian National Congress endorses civil disobedience. Many were arrested, riots break out Refuse to: buy British goods, go to public schools, pay taxes, vote in elections, greatly hurt British economy, overflowing jails become a problem Refuse to: buy British goods, go to public schools, pay taxes, vote in elections, greatly hurt British economy, overflowing jails become a problem 1930, Salt March- Led by Gandhi, protesting British salt monopoly and tax, protestors march to the ocean to make their own. Demonstrators march on the British salt plant, were brutally attacked by guards with clubs/ metal spikes but refused to fight back. When the story went public many around the world began to support the Indian resistance. 1930, Salt March- Led by Gandhi, protesting British salt monopoly and tax, protestors march to the ocean to make their own. Demonstrators march on the British salt plant, were brutally attacked by guards with clubs/ metal spikes but refused to fight back. When the story went public many around the world began to support the Indian resistance Government of India Act- Local self-government, limited democratic elections Government of India Act- Local self-government, limited democratic elections.

Southwest Asia (middle east) Other Revolutions 1923 Turkey- becomes a republic- Mustafa Kemal overthrows Sultan 1923 Turkey- becomes a republic- Mustafa Kemal overthrows Sultan 1921 Persia becomes Iran- British/Russians run out, Army officer overthrows Shah, modernizes country 1921 Persia becomes Iran- British/Russians run out, Army officer overthrows Shah, modernizes country Saudi Arabia stays with strict Islamic traditions Saudi Arabia stays with strict Islamic traditions Oil resources changes many countries Oil resources changes many countries

New Ideas (Chap 15, sec 1 book at home) Science Einstein- Einstein- Freud- Freud-Literature Existentialism- Existentialism- Reaction to the war- Reaction to the war-Arts Painters- Painters- Architecture- Architecture- Music- Music-SocietyTechnology Car- Car- Airplane- Airplane- Radio- Radio- Movies- Movies-

1920’s-1930’s Europe is not doing well Europe is not doing well European powers almost bankrupt - only U.S. and Japan came out of WWI same or better than before they went into it. European powers almost bankrupt - only U.S. and Japan came out of WWI same or better than before they went into it. European domination of world affairs declines European domination of world affairs declines New European democracies shaky New European democracies shaky –Many political parties makes it difficult for one group to gain power and rule effectively –Coalition governments are formed and fall apart quickly, no strong leadership

Germany New Weimar Republic is weak- blame for losing WWI given to new govt. New Weimar Republic is weak- blame for losing WWI given to new govt. Economic problems Economic problems –Country is in shambles –Reparations create burden –Hyper-Inflation- to pay for war they printed money, it continued to lose value, savings accounts meant nothing. With the help of an American banker and a large loan, inflation was under control by 1924 Kellogg-Briand Peace Treaty- all major powers signed it- they would not wage war on each other but rather bring their problems to be negotiated at the League of Nations. No power to enforce it!! Kellogg-Briand Peace Treaty- all major powers signed it- they would not wage war on each other but rather bring their problems to be negotiated at the League of Nations. No power to enforce it!!

The Great Depression The World Economy was based on American Prosperity and when America fell so did the rest of the world. The World Economy was based on American Prosperity and when America fell so did the rest of the world. American Depression- American Depression- –Too many things were being produced, –too few people were receiving the benefit, –not enough to buy all the new things, –too much money invested in an over inflated stock market. –Products were produced but could not be sold, –people lost jobs, less is bought, –people get scared and sell stock like crazy, prices fall, –bank loans cant be paid back, banks shut their doors.

World Depression- American bankers pulled money out of Europe investment, trade dropped by 65% because of high tariffs. American bankers pulled money out of Europe investment, trade dropped by 65% because of high tariffs Austria’s largest bank fails sending central Europe into frenzy Austria’s largest bank fails sending central Europe into frenzy Asian exports fell, failed rice crops created famine Asian exports fell, failed rice crops created famine Latin American countries that survived on selling cash crops to developed countries in order to buy manufactured goods could no longer sell their cash crops or pay their debts Latin American countries that survived on selling cash crops to developed countries in order to buy manufactured goods could no longer sell their cash crops or pay their debts

World Response Britain- had high tariffs, increased taxes, regulated currency, lowered interest rate and things began to improve Britain- had high tariffs, increased taxes, regulated currency, lowered interest rate and things began to improve France- many coalition govts formed and fell apart, some reforms were passed to help unemployment, still a very agricultural country not as affected as other countries, democracy was able to hang on during the hard times. France- many coalition govts formed and fell apart, some reforms were passed to help unemployment, still a very agricultural country not as affected as other countries, democracy was able to hang on during the hard times. Denmark, Norway, Sweden- Socialist govts. recovered well using public works and service projects to keep economy going. Denmark, Norway, Sweden- Socialist govts. recovered well using public works and service projects to keep economy going.