 After the Persian War, Greek culture flourishes (especially in Athens). ◦ Art during this period is called classical art.

 Pericles ordered it to be built between 447 & 432 BC  Temple in honor of Athena ◦ Rectangular shaped ◦ 46 columns ◦ Marble ◦ Gold & ivory statue of Athena inside  Built to correct optical illusion

 The columns used in the Parthenon are Doric columns.  Some buildings in the United States that have Greek columns include the White House (Ionic), the Lincoln Memorial (Doric), and the United States Capitol Building (Corinthian).

 Greeks were OBSESSED with beauty  Art was realistic & lifelike  Pottery ◦ Mythological scenes ◦ Scenes of everyday life

 Myron ◦ He created statues of what people SHOULD look like ◦ Tried to create perfect human form  Phidias ◦ Given credit for statue of Athena placed in the Parthenon Myron’s Discus Thrower

 Greeks were the 1 st to write & perform plays  2 types of plays:  1. Tragedies (1 st type done in Greece)- Usually main character reaches unhappy end   2. Comedies- Could be funny & usually had happy endings

 1. Aeschylus ◦ Wrote 90 plays- only 7 have survived ◦ Most famous play Oresteia  2. Sophocles ◦ General in Athenian army before writing plays ◦ Wrote Oedipus Rex (about king who killed his father & married his mother– forced to do these things by the gods) ◦ When Oedipus discovers what he’s done, he blinds himself

 3. Euripides- focuses on human flaws that cause people to self destruct ◦ Famous play The Trojan Women

 1. Aristophanes- his plays were satires— jokes—pointed at society ◦ Poked fun at major leaders

 Greeks wanted perfect body ◦ TOP PHYSICAL CONDITION  Olympics (every 4 yrs in honor of Zeus) ◦ Throwing, wrestling, running, etc.  Women had their own in honor of goddess Hera

 They believed the human mind could understand everything ◦ Philosophers began to write works (history, biology, political science, and logic)

 400s BC: Sophists, paid traveling teachers, begin teaching in the city- states ◦ Began to believe Greek gods (deities) had little control over people ◦ Individual rights & beliefs

 Born in Athens to poor family (470 BC) ◦ Soldier in Peloponnesian War, sculptor, became famous as TEACHER  Socratic Method: teacher questioning student  Some Athenian aristocrats did not like his teachings ◦ 399 BC: accused of “corrupting the young” & “not worshipping the gods worshipped by the state” ◦ Sentenced to DEATH- drank hemlock poison

 Was a student of Socrates & wrote down Socrates’ ideas  Born to aristocratic family 30—becomes teacher  Creates a school “The Academy”  Wrote 1 st political science book, The Republic ◦ In that book, he attempts to create perfect society & govt. ◦ City-state>individual- he liked Sparta’s govt.

 Studied at Plato’s Academy  Tutored Alexander the Great  355 BC-opened his own school, Lyceum  Scientific Method  In his book Politics, listed advantages & disadvantages of the govts. in the city-states.

 Herodotus “Father of Greek History”  Wrote about Persian Wars in Historia  Thucydides ◦ Believed the gods did not affect history ◦ Only humans capable of making history ◦ Peloponnesian War History

 Greek scientists observed with naked eye  Thales of Miletus (600s BC) ◦ Studied astronomy & math in Babylonia & Egypt ◦ Accurately predicted solar eclipses  Pythagoras (500s BC) ◦ Thought everything could be explained using math ◦ Pythagorean theorem- used in geometry ◦ Believed world was round not flat ◦ Music: shorter the string, higher the pitch

 “Father of Medicine”  Hippocratic Oath-ethical code of doctors  Disease caused by things in nature

 Macedonians lived just north of Greece  359 BC: Philip II became King of Macedonia  Philip vowed to… ◦ 1. create a strong army ◦ 2. unify Greek city-states under Macedonia ◦ 3. destroy Persian Empire  Studied in Greek city-state Thebes

 Philip’s military styled after Greek phalanxes  338 BC: Philip II had taken all city-states except Sparta  336 BC: Philip killed by either Persian assassin or his 1 st wife, Olympias  Olympias set up her son ALEXANDER as the new king

 Tutored by Aristotle for 4 yrs.  Took over 16  Took 20  331 BC: Alexander had destroyed Persia & conquered Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, & Mesopotamia  WANTED WORLD DOMINATION!

 Got as far as Indus River ◦ Soldiers got tired of fighting & went home ◦ Some died on the way back of starvation & exposure  June 323 BC: Alexander died on the way back of a fever  He was only 33

 Wanted empire to unite Europe & Asia (Greek & Persian) cultures  Alexander & some of his troops married Persian women

 When Alexander dies, his 3 main generals divide empire ◦ Ptolemy (Egypt, Syria, & Libya) ◦ Seleucus (Mesopotamia, Iran, & Afghanistan) ◦ Antigonus (Macedonia & Greece)  Eventually, the Romans would take over all of Alexander’s former empire

 Alexander spread Greek culture (language, arts, etc.) Hellenistic  Alexandria, Egypt (center of education named after Alexander) ◦ 1 st museum (library with over 1 million books, research center, zoo, & gardens)  In Alexandria, Hebrew Bible translated into Greek (250 BC)

 1. Cynicism– give up luxuries & live simple life (most famous Cynic— Diogenes)  2. Epicureanism- Epicurus believed one should accept world as it is & live simple life  3. Stoicism- Zeno & the Stoics believed in natural laws, you should ignore emotions & follow reason

Hellenistic Art focused on showing emotion

 Aristarchus of Samos- Earth moves around sun  Eratosthenes- figured the circumference of the earth  Doctors- by dissecting humans, learned the brain is the center of nervous system ◦ Studies on the brain and the liver ◦ Began to use drugs to relieve pain  Euclid- Geometry book used until 1900  Archimedes- invented compound pulley, explained how levers work, discovered principle of buoyancy