Bonyong Gu Soyoung Shin Bonyong Gu Soyoung Shin Japan in Asia

Contents Historical Fact of Japan Relations with neighbor countries –China / South Korea / North Korea / U.S. Shaping Regional Integration Japan’s Diplomatic Tool Kit Normal state debate Conclusion Discussion

Historical Fact of Japan 1853: Meiji Restoration : Massive economic development & Pan-Asian idealism –1894 First Sino-Japanese War –1904 Russo-Japanese Wars –1910 Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty 1937:WW2 allied with Germany 1945: Surrender of Japan –Potsdam Declaration Pan-Asian dream is dead.

Bubble Economy During the Cold War –Focusing on economic recovery –Minimal defense buildup under the American imperium –New relationship with Asia including China Post Cold War –Collapse of bubble economy –China’s rapidly expanding –Threat of North Korea –Disruption of 55-year system

Relations with China After WWII, pro-U.S.(anti-Communists) VS independent from U.S. - Politics dominated by conservatives but exclude the communist. - Economic recovery and a reliance on United States military protection at the expense of independence in foreign affairs - Closer to China based on commerce

1972: Normalization of diplomatic relation 1978: Japan and China signed a Treaty of Friendship with yen loans 1995: China tested nuclear weapons that threatened Japanese security and U.S. 2005: China opposed Japan’s bid for permanent UN security Council Seat –Because of not apology for their crimes during WW2 –But, Japan standing up to China due to matter of national security, also national identity 2005: Confrontation for Yasukuni Shrine between Hu Jintao and Koizumi –Nevertheless, Sino-Japanese trade surpassed Japan’s trade with the U.S. in 2005

▶ China seek territorial intergrity and a return to its central role return to its central role ▶ Japan seek to re-establish lost national pride national pride ▶ Economic interdependence between Japan and China have deepened Japan and China have deepened 2010: Senkaku Island dispute (Diaoyutai Islands) is intensified2010: Senkaku Island dispute (Diaoyutai Islands) is intensified –China embargoed Rare Earth Metal –Historical conflicts may have bad impact on their economic relations "Senkaku Islands is Japan's traditional territory, We will not allow Communist China to invade our territory."

South Korea 1965: $800 million in grants and soft loans from Japan as compensation for its colonial rule 1998: Korea's Open-Door Policy on Japanese Popular Culture, Joint Declaration on a New ROK-Japan Partnership 2003~2007: Roh (Anti-Japanese president) –Dokdo Island dispute –Overall relations had worsened 2008~: MB(Pro-Japanese president)

North Korea 1993: Rodong-1(MRBM) developed by North Korea. It alarmed Japan by launching a test missile towards Japan territory. 1993~1994: North Korea seceded from NPT and IAEA 1998: North Korea tested a long-range Taepodong missile over Japanese airspace. 2002: some abductees taken by North Korea during 1970~1980, were released. Their stories provoked the Japanese public even more. → The North Korea threat makes it possible that Japanese conservative elites claim to reinforce its military.

U.S. 1960: The new Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security was signed in Washington 1980s: Japanese defense buildup –it was aimed at the 'exclusively defensive self-defense' of the Japanese home territories Mid-1990s –the alliance was regarded as 'use of the American card' for Japan's own strategic objectives in Asia. 2001: Koizumi’s twin pillars of Japan's foreign policy –'the U.S Japan alliance' and 'international solidarity(union). 2009: Hatoyama’s anti-Americanism

Shaping Regional Integration Backed up by U.S., Japan has attempted to shape that order as Japan’s economy recovered. 1977: Fukuda Doctrine  Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 1989: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum including U.S. and Australia 2000: Chiang Mai Initiative’ was established to prevent another East Asian financial crisis(1997) by Korea, China and Japan. Koizumi era: Japan strengthened ties with Australia and India  enhancing Japanese influence based on economic power, also values.

Shaping Regional Integration The goal of shaping the region’s architecture is to manage the rise of Chinese power by using the voice of democracies and the rule of law within the forum In 2010, ASEAN+3 Summit in Hanoi, Vietnam In 2010, APEC Forum in Yokoyama, Japan. 'Kan Says Japan-China Meeting With Hu at APEC Summit Still Undecided‎‘.

Japan’s Diplomatic Tool Kit Japan faces two significant obstacles on its potential role in the region 1.The burden of history - The history problem confounds Japanese foreign policy in very specific ways - Japanese nationalism: “militarism VS civic nationalism” 2. The old 1955 system and a powerful bureaucratic-business-political iron triangle remains to be realigned - Recent unstable Prime ministers

“Normal state” debate Ichiro Ozawa, the shadow leader of the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ). He first introduced this concept in the early 1990s. "How can Japan, which so depends on world peace and stability, seek to exclude a security role from its international contributions?" A normal Japan is a nation that can participate in international peacekeeping activities, mainly under the auspices of the UN.

Conclusion U.S. policyChina policyEast Asiathe role of Japan Continued Involvement in East Asia failure to take hegemony status quo (U.S. hegemony) Maintenance of Japan + U.S. alliance success to take hegemony destruction of status q uo (China hegemony Japanese responsibility increased Japan + U.S. alliance broken up (collaboration with China) handing off East Asia failure to take hegemonythe balance of powerJapanese responsibility increased success to take hegemony destruction of status q uo (China hegemony) Japanese militarization Japan + U.S. alliance broken up (collaboration with China)

Discussion Which path should Japan choose to rise again?Which path should Japan choose to rise again? –Maintain the close relations with the U.S. –Be independent from the U.S. –Formed a good relationship with China Does “normal state” imply rights-oriented(Militarization) orDoes “normal state” imply rights-oriented(Militarization) or Self- Defense Force(international peacekeeping activities)? According to ‘shaping regional integration’, Japan utilizes ‘the rule of law’ to improve their influence. Do you think that Japan will be able to manage China through those International Institutions in the future?According to ‘shaping regional integration’, Japan utilizes ‘the rule of law’ to improve their influence. Do you think that Japan will be able to manage China through those International Institutions in the future?