The World After WWI The Collapse of the Old Order Road to Totalitarianism

The Legacy of World War 1 Death and damage Downfall of Empires New states (Yugoslavia Czechoslovakia) Rise of USA Rise of Communism in USSR

USA GB France and Italy. Wilson, George, Clemenceau, Orlando. 14 Point Plan = League of Nations. No choice for Weimar Gov.(Germans) Unfair? War guilt clause a cause of WW2? Demilitarisation of Rhineland limit on army. No subs or aircraft. Small navy. Anschluss forbidden £6.6 billion in gold to be paid to allies. Treaty of Versailles

League of Nations To achieve peace by making each member responsible for each other’s security. Assembly (all countries represented, one vote, unanimous) Council of Ministers (unanimous, main decisions) International Court of Justice Failed because: Unanimous votes needed No army USA did not join. Germany and Russia for a short time. Success in minor dispute between Finland and Sweden Failures: Japan in China; Italy in Abyssinia; Hitler and Versailles

The Versailles Treaty changed the boundaries in Europe and around the world Germany Lost Alsace-Lorraine to France (West) Poland took part of the Eastern side of Germany Czechoslovakia gained part of Southern Germany (Sudetenland) Austria- Hungarian Empire Hungary and Austria became a separate country Serbia was given various states in the Balkans to create Yugoslavia Czechoslovakia was created Turkey Saudia Arabia became independent Britain gained Palestine, Jordan and Iraq as Mandates- a lease France was given Lebanon and Syria as mandates. Russia Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and the Ukraine - to be independent

6 Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I Copyright 2006 New nation-states were set up Nationalism Yugoslavia Lithuania Latvia Estonia Poland Hungary Many new countries were set up because of nationalism. Czecho- Slovakia Austria

Europe in 1919

The Collapse of the Old Order- The Lost Generation Europe was destroyed: Economically- The cost of WWI bankrupt Europe Socially- huge populations of men killed, Politically- Revolutions all over Europe American writers and artists in Europe captured the negative attitude of the survivors of Europe. Called the “Lost Generation” by author Gertrude Stein The Collapse of the Old Order- Colonial Movement Germany lost all foreign colonies to France and England Wilson’s idea of Self-Determination gave rise to Nationalist movements in Africa, the Middle East, Latin America, and Asia

9 Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I Copyright 2006 Millions of dead, wounded or homeless people Millions of dead, wounded or homeless people Four empires broke up Four empires broke up Self- determination became popular Self- determination became popular New nation- states were set up New nation- states were set up New boundaries created problems New boundaries created problems World economy damaged World economy damaged What was the world like after World War I? Changes to society Changes to society

10 Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I Copyright 2006 Homeless people: There were numerous displaced refugees who had lost almost everything. What does this picture tell you about the impact of World War I?

11 Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I Copyright 2006 Changes to society Divisions in society were heightened. The war brought to the fore differences between two opposing camps of society — pacifists and militarists. pacifism The horrors of war tilted some groups more towards pacifism. militarism But other groups became even more fiercely inclined towards militarism. They felt this was the best way to protect their country against invasion and annexation.

12 Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I Copyright 2006 World economy damaged World trade disrupted. Resources of great powers depleted. Farms, factories and industrial areas destroyed  no production. Infrastructure destroyed  lengthy restoration. Massive unemployment. Countries cash-strapped, saddled with huge debts. Ba ck Ba ck

13 Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I Copyright 2006 Summary Old empires broke up. Creation of new nations and nation-states. Ethnic tension due to new borders. Self-determination by countries formerly ruled by empires. Farmland and industrial areas destroyed  no more production. Infrastructure destroyed. World trade disrupted. Massive unemployment. Countries saddled with huge debts. Divisions in society heightened. Emergence of Communism. Changes to the position of women and workers. Impact Political Economic Social Back to main summary

Keeping the Peace- Economic Solutions Problem One- The Versailles Treaty punished the Germans with war reparations they could not pay. Problem Two- England and France had difficulty recovering from the war, because they relied on Germany for funding. Solution- The Dawes Plan: Reduced the level of German reparations

The Dawes Plan (1924)

Keeping the Peace- New Alliances The Lorcano Treaties: Set up the boundaries for France, Germany, and Belgium. Also set up alliances between France, Poland and Czechoslovakia

Locarno Pact: 1925 Gustave Stresemann (Ger.) Aristide Briand (Fr.) Austin Chamberlain (Br.)  Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of  Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only.  Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of  Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only.