Why do we use Graphs? 1. Visual representation of data 2. To organize data

In which year were the least amount of dolphins seen?  Did you use the chart or the graph or both to find your answer? Year# of Dolphins

Making Graphs  Make a graph for each of the following sets of data.  Use a line graph, a bar graph and a pie chart Sam’s Weight MonthWeight in kg January49 February54 March61 April69 May73 Adopt Student Uniforms Response# of Students % Yes3010 No18060 Maybe9030 Students’ Favorite After School Activities Activity# of Students Play Sports45 Talk on the Phone53 Visit with Friends99 Earn Money44 Chat Online66 School Clubs22 Watch TV37

Temperature  Heat: a measure of how fast molecules are moving  Temperature: a measure of the thermal energy in an object

Thermoscope: 1593 Galileo  The first instrument that measured changes in heat  Works on the principle of AIR expanding and contracting  Cold air contracts  Hot air expands

Fahrenheit Scale: 1714 Daniel Fahrenheit  More accurate than the thermoscope  Based on the principle of MERCURY to expand and contract  32°F = freezing point of water  98°F = body temperature  212°F = boiling point of water

Celsius Scale: 1742 Andreas Celsius  Based on the freezing and boiling points of water  0°C = water freezes  100°C = water boils

Kelvin Scale:1847 William Thompson (Lord Kelvin)  0 K = absolute zero: The lowest possible temperature of anything in the universe  Molecules stop moving  Used mostly in the astronomy and engineering  0 K = -273°C  273 K = 0° C  373 K = 100° C

Dial thermometer: 1759 John Harrison  Based on the principle of metal expanding and contracting  Used in furnace thermostats and meat thermometers

Electric Thermometer: 1871 Sir William Siemens  Based on the principle of charged particles expanding and contracting  Measures electrical charge and translates it into a temperature

What are the following temperatures in Fahrenheit and Celsius?  Freezing point of water  0º C or 32º F  Boiling point of water  100º C or 212º F  Human body temperature  37º C or 98º F  Room Temperature  21º C or 70º F

Temperature Scales

Conversions  Celsius to Fahrenheit:  Fahrenheit to Celsius:

Metric vs. American Measurements  Metric System  Grams  Meters  Liters  Celsius  nited_States_customary_units nited_States_customary_units  American System  Pounds  Ounces  Feet  Inches  Yards  Miles  Gallons  Cups  Teaspoon  Quarts  Pints  Fahrenheit

Problems  Metric mishap caused loss of NASA orbiter  September 30, 1999 CNN  NASA lost a $125 million Mars orbiter because a Lockheed Martin engineering team used English units of measurement while NASAs team used the metric system for a key spacecraft operation.  The units mismatch prevented navigation information from transferring between the Mars Climate Orbiter spacecraft team in at Lockheed Martin in Denver and the flight team at NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.  Lockheed Martin helped build, develop and operate the spacecraft for NASA. Its engineers provided navigation commands for Climate Orbiters thrusters in English units although NASA has been using the metric system predominantly since at least 1990.

Metric System Basics Most (95%) of the world uses the metric system  Why use the metric system?  To have a single unit for every physical quantity  Volume, weight, length  MUCH EASIER: Based on units of 10

Metric System Basics  The metric system is based on a base unit that corresponds with a certain type of measurement  Length = meters (m)  Volume = liters (L)  Mass or weight = grams (g)  Other abbreviations  Kilo = k  Hecto = H  Deka = D  deci = d  centi = c  milli = m

Metric Conversions