Directions, Diversities and Declines by 500 CE 9/28/2016

AIM: How did certain factors contribute to the decline of the Roman Empire? Do Now: List 2 Problems that you can see occurring in the Roman Empire. 9/28/2016

Gluttony & Social Decay

Diocletian (Dio clesian) splits the Empire in an attempt to make reforms – only weakens the Empire.

Germanic Invasions are increasing with more power

Billiard Ball Effect

 In 180 when Marcus Aurelius died Pax Romana came to a close because ◦ Ineffective, self consumed emperors ruled ineffectively ◦ Army generals had a large influence ◦ Trade declined ◦ Increased taxes ◦ Decreased money flow into the empire ◦ Decline in new territory ◦ Population decline from epidemic disease ◦ Poor harvests ◦ Unequal land distribution ◦ Social and moral decay and lack of interest with elite class ◦ Dependence on slave labor ◦ Non-Romans in the army ◦ Empire was too large ◦ Barbarian invasions 9/28/2016

 The decline in trade produced a decline in population  Diocletian imposed stricter control of the empire and declared himself god  When Christians refused to worship him, he persecuted them  Constantine made a second capitol at Byzantium which he named Constantinople  Constantine converted to Christianity making it acceptable in Rome 9/28/2016

 The Han began to decline around 100 CE because of ◦ Heavy taxes on peasants ◦ Decline of interest in Confusion intellectual goals ◦ Poor harvests ◦ Population decline from epidemic disease ◦ Social unrest mostly by students ◦ Decline in morality ◦ Weak emperors and increased influence of army generals ◦ Unequal land distribution ◦ Decline in trade ◦ Pressure from nomadic tribes 9/28/2016

 In 184 the Yellow Turbans, a Daoist revolutionary movement promised prosperity and security initiated by magic  Buddhism spread  Chinese cultural unity was dissolving  By 220 the Hsiung-nu invaded into China forcing them to pay tribute  Political decentralization and disorder was frequent until 589 when the northern Sui dynasty established order 9/28/2016

AIM: How were the Fall of the Han and Rome Dynasties similar? Do Now: Give one reason why the powerful empires of Han and Rome could fall? Homework: DBQ Due Wed 9/28/2016

 Han China  Well organized bureaucracy based on Confusion ideas and values  Roman Empire  Well organized bureaucracy founded on Roman law and classical Greek and Roman learning

 Emphasis on Family ancestors : patriarchal  Reliance on landed gentry  Engineering accomplishments: roads canals the Great Wall of China  Emphasis on family pater familias  Reliance on patricians  Engineering accomplishments: roads aqueducts, amphitheaters, domes, sewage systems, central heating

 Grand Canal  Roman Roads

 Great Wall  Roman Aqueduct

 HAN  Confucianism  Daoism  Intro to Buddhism  ROME  Emperor as god  Paganism  Intro to Christianity

 HAN  Infighting among ruling elites  Inequitable distribution of land  Tax burden fell on peasants rather than on large landowners  Series of peasant rebellions  General usurp political power- become warlords  220 CE generals divide empire into 3 kingdoms  Emigration of nomadic peoples into N. China kept country disunited  ROME  Internal opposition- barrack emperors  Difficulties in administering vast empire creates rivalries and division of authority  Eastern and western Empire capital moved to Constantinople  Germanic invasions by Vandals, Ostrogoths, and Visigoths  476 Odoacer deposes final Western Roman Emperor  Eastern Roman Empire becomes Byzantine Empire- lasts 1000 yrs

 Decline in morals and values that held society together  Public Health and urban decay  Political corruption  Unemployment and inflation  Inferior technology  Too much military spending

 List 2 Similarities in the decline of the Roman Empire and Han Dynasties.  Write 1 question you still have about the fall of both Classical civilizations.

The Persian empire was the first to unite many civilizations, establishing a pattern for future empires. The Greeks applied reason to inquire about nature and the human condition, laying the foundation for much of Western culture. China saw the emergence of great philosophers, who set the tone for much of Chinese thought and tradition. The Romans spread culture throughout Western Europe, leaving a legacy of language, a system of laws, and Christianity. C LASSICAL C IVILIZATIONS India witnessed a flowering of Hindu and Buddhist cultures which spread throughout much of South and Southeast Asia. 9/28/2016

 The western portion of Rome declined, but the eastern portion centered around Constantinople thrived  In the fifth century the nomadic Huns of Central Asia migrated south and west, putting pressure on the Germanic tribes who bordered Rome  By 425 Germanic kingdoms were set up within the Roman Empire  By 476 the last Roman emperor was replaced by a Germanic ruler from the Visigoths 9/28/2016

 The eastern Byzantine Empire out lasted the western portion of Rome  Byzantine Emperor Justinian attempted to recapture land lost and failed  The self-sufficient estates and Germanic kingdoms led to decline in trade, learning and size  Rome was replaced by the tribal Germanic invaders 9/28/2016

 By 500 India encountered invasions by nomadic Huns  Local priests became more powerful  India fragmented into regional states ruled by the Rajput princes  Traditional culture continued  Buddhism declined, Hinduism increased 9/28/2016

The Roman Empire

 Southwest Asia was influenced by India with the spread of Buddhism and Hinduism  Kushites ◦ adapted Egyptian hieroglyphics ◦ Independent invention of iron smelting ◦ 750 BCE Kush conquered Egypt ◦ 300 CE Kush was defeated by the Christian kingdom of Axum ◦ Axum’s rival, the kingdom of Ethiopia traded with the Roman Empire along Mediterranean ◦ Greeks brought Christianity to Ethiopia in the 4 th century CE

 Central Asian herders facilitated trade along the Silk Roads that linked China with Mesopotamia  Brought silk, animals, religious beliefs, technology and disease across Central Asia and Europe

 Silk Road also included sea lanes that traded Chinese pottery, Indian spices and African Ivory  A Chinese trade network in the South China Sea included Malaysia, Southeast Asia and Persia  Sailors used seasonal monsoon winds to carryout voyages to East Africa and Southern China

 The use of camel and the development of the camel saddle made it easier to trade salt and palm oil  The camel might have arrived in Sahara from Arabia in first century BCE  North Africa provided Rome with olives, wheat and wild animals

Families were patriarchal Women of elite class sometimes owned property and small businesses Women lower than men under the law Slavery was common in Greece and Rome 1/3 rd of population were slaves One of the reasons for expansion was to add more slaves Educated Greeks became tutors for Roman elite Dependence on slavery led to little development in technological labor-saving devices The Mediterranean world fell behind China & India within the fields of agriculture & manufacturing 9/28/2016

 How did the problem the Roman Empire faced with slave labor comparable to immigration labor in the United States? 9/28/2016