English Language Course Seema Naik Language Tutor

Content – Parts of Speech Noun Pronoun Verb Adverb Adjective Preposition Conjunction Interjection Determiner

Noun Noun is word used as the name of a person, place or thing. Classification of Noun:- – Proper Noun – Common Noun – Collective Noun – Abstract Noun – Countable Nouns. – Uncountable Nouns

Types of Nouns - I – Proper Noun: name of a particular person or place B ritain is a country N apoleon was a great king. E instein is the greatest scientist that ever lived. – Common Noun: name given to every person or thing of the same class or kind. Britain is a country Napoleon was a great king. Einstein is the greatest scientist that ever lived.

– Collective Noun: name of a collection of persons or things taken together and spoken as one whole. The French army was defeated at Waterloo The jury found the prisoner guilty. A herd of cattle is passing – Abstract Noun: name of the quality, action or state. Honesty is the best policy. Hatred never pays. Childhood is the best phase of life. Types of Nouns - II

– Countable Nouns: name of persons or things we can count. Books, pen, apple, boy, sister – Uncountable Nouns: name of persons or things we cannot count. Milk, sugar, gold, oil. Types of Nouns - III

Noun - Gender Masculine Gender – Boy, lion, actor Feminine Gender – Girl, lioness, actress Neutral Gender – inanimate objects - Table, chair, television, tree

Neutral Gender – parent – child – friend – pupil – enemy – cousin Noun - Gender

Nouns - Case Nominative Case – when a noun is subject of a sentence. (Who? What?) Accusative Case: – when noun is object of the case. (Whom? Or What?) – When noun comes after preposition Possessive / Genitive Case – shows ownership or possession. Dative Case – no longer used in Modern English

Pronouns

Relative Pronoun Here is the book. You lent me the book – Here is the book that you lent me. I have found the pen. I lost the pen. – I have found the book which I lost I met Joe. Joe had just returned – I met Joe who had just returned That, who(Nom.), whose(Genitive), whom(acc.)

Verb  Auxiliary Verbs  Modal Verbs  Main Verbs

Auxiliary Verbs be have do Used in formation of: Tenses Passive Negative sentences Questions

Conjugation – Auxiliaries (Present)

Conjugation – Auxiliaries (Past)

Modal Verbs The modal verbs are as follows: dare,need,, ought to, used to – not used often

Examples for Modals I can swim across the river Can you lift this bag? It may rain tomorrow. May I borrow the umbrella? We will reach tomorrow. I shall/will be 25 tomorrow. We must get up early. I could swim across the river when I was young. I thought he might be at home. She would listen to music for hours. I should go to the library.

English vs. German modal verbs

Adjective Adjectives describe the noun. They give additional information about the noun. Usually an adjective comes before noun. Questions: How? Which one? What kind of? How many? -It ’ s a great car (How is the car?) – I want the red dress (Which dress?) – The economists talked about the growing crises (what kind of crises) – I need 25 dollars (How many dollars?) – Tom is greedy (how is tom?)

Adverb Gives information about the verb, adjective or another adverb. Questions: Why? How? When? Where? – The car is barely running. (how ) – Yesterday it rained (when ) – He is very thirsty (how thirsty is he ) – She drives really fast (how she drives, how fast she drives )

Preposition A preposition always comes before a noun or pronoun. A preposition explains the relation between the noun(before which it is placed) and the other noun/verb/adjective. – There is a cow in the field – He is fond of tea – The cat jumped off the chair

Simple Prepositions

Most frequently used Preposition – compound

Conjunction A conjunction is a word which joins two sentences or words. It makes the sentence compact. – Joe and Harry are good bowlers (Joe is a good bowler and Harry s a good bowler) – The man is poor, but honest.(the man is poor, but the man is honest) – Either take it or leave it.

List of conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions Examples:-

Interjection Interjection is used to express sudden feeling or emotion. – Hello! What are you doing here? – Alas! He is dead – Oh! I got such a fright. – Hush! Don't make any noise.

Determiner Articles: a, an, the this, that, these, those, which etc. Quantifiers: all, few, many, several, some, every, each, any, no, etc. Numbers: one, fifty, etc. Possessive determiners (possessive pronouns): my, your, his, etc.