The Middle East

Geography Central location made it the center of trade in ancient times (Byzantine Empire, Islamic Empire, Ottoman Empire) –Geographically = Western Asia –Politically = W. Asia, Northern Africa, and part of Eastern Europe –Multiple religious, but mostly Islamic

Geography Oil-rich nations vital part of global economy

Establishment of Israel

Geography Oil-rich nations vital part of global economy –Wealth from the oil unevenly distributed –Not all countries have oil deposits

Geography Limited water and farmland –Causes conflict particularly between Israelis and Palestinians

Geography Limited water and farmland –Causes conflict particularly between Israelis and Palestinians –Importation of food stuffs

Establishment of Israel Causes

Establishment of Israel CAUSES Palestine –Jews driven out in 135AD –Arabs conquered 600s

Establishment of Israel CAUSES Zionism –19 th century world wide Jewish movement for a homeland –Great Britain’s Balfour Declaration promises Palestine to Jews and Palestinians

Establishment of Israel CAUSES Post WWII –Immigration increases after Holocaust –UN partition Jews = 55%, but 34% of the population

Establishment of Israel CAUSES 1948 Jews declare Israel an independent state

Establishment of Israel Effects Recognized by US and USSR, but not Arab nations Mass immigration to Israel

Establishment of Israel Effects War with 6 Arab nations

Establishment of Israel Effects Palestinian Arabs –700,000 refugees = poverty & discrimination –PLO led by Arafat use terrorist & guerrilla tactics

Establishment of Israel Effects Disputed territories lead to war –Jerusalem, Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights, West Bank –Suez Canal War, Six Day War, Yom Kippur War

Establishment of Israel Effects Peace Agreements –Camp David Accords –Oslo and Oslo II Agreements Gave some control to Palestinian National Authority

1.Name two religions practiced in the Middle East 2.What two natural resources were the basis of conflict in Israel? 3.Fill-in the blank: Zionism is to Israel what nationalism is to ____________________(multiple answers) 4.In 1956, what important trade route did Egypt fight for control of? 5.On what important holy day did Sadat attack Israel in 1973? 6.What country historically led the attacks against Israel? 7.What peace agreement led to some autonomy for Palestinians? 8.In what 2 ways have members of the world community felt Israel has violated civil rights of Palestinians?

Oil Wars in the Middle East OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (1960) Includes Middle Eastern, African, and S. American countries

Oil Wars in the Middle East OPEC Attempts to control prices, production supply, and exportation 1973 Oil Embargo –Increased gas prices and rationing in the US

Oil Wars in the Middle East Iran-Iraq War Causes –Historical border disputes due to presence of trade routes and oil reserves –Political instability in both countries –Saddam Hussein attacked Iran

Oil Wars in the Middle East Iran-Iraq War Effects –8 years of warfare –Oil tankers in Persian Gulf attacked

Oil Wars in the Middle East Iran-Iraq War Effects –8 years of warfare –Oil tankers in Persian Gulf attacked

Oil Wars in the Middle East Iran-Iraq War Effects –U.S. Navy aids tankers exporting in the Gulf

Oil Wars in the Middle East Persian Gulf War I CAUSES –Saddam Hussein attacked Kuwait –Saudi Arabia feared attack –US & UN fear: Iraq’s expansionist policies Iraq’s control of oil reserves and thus world economy

Oil Wars in the Middle East Persian Gulf War I EFFECTS –UN forces attack Iraqi arm –465 million gallons of oil destroyed –Iraq agrees to ceasefire & weapons inspections Fails to comply & suspected of WMD Gulf War II = US coalition declared war on Iraq –Hussein arrested, convicted, and executed (2003)

Islamic Fundamentalism Movement beginning in 1970s to combine Islamic principles to government in many Middle Eastern countries

Name:___________________________________________________ Gulf War I Video Notes 1.Why did Hussein secretly invade Kuwait? 2.Give one reason the UN objects. 1.What are two ways that Hussein tries to make the UN back down? 2.Who was the US president?____________________________________ 1.Who led the UN troops?__________________________________ 1.What was the name of the air campaign against Iraq?__________________________________ 2.What Iraqi city is bombed first?__________________________________