IFA: IRANIAN HOSTAGE CRISIS 1979 Summary News Cast from 1979 What should the president do now? To Be Considered Who is involved Immediate goals Long-term goals Immediate consequences Long-term consequences Precedents being set?

CHAPTER 30, SECTION2 MIDDLE EAST SINCE 1945

REMEMBER IMPERIALISM? Imperialism in the Middle East culminated with France and Great Britain dividing what was left of the Ottoman Empire as they saw fit. They had made contradicting promises to different groups They had promised to create a Jewish State, while also promising to preserve Palestine. The way they drew the new borders ignored existing unofficial group and family Boundaries. The reason the Jews had a claim to the territory was that they controlled the area in biblical times.

THE ISSUE OF PALESTINE The conflict between the Palestinians and the Jews over the creation of a Jewish state came to a head following WWII In the years between WWI and WWII Zionists, a group of Jews who wanted Palestine as Jewish state, pushed hard for their own country. As the world slowly learned of the atrocities of the holocaust pressure grew to create a Jewish state. In 1948 the United Nations, the group responsible for managing the former Ottoman territory, divided Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab state.

MAP OF ISRAEL AND PALESTINE 1948

THE ISSUE OF PALESTINE The problems with this plan were numerous Much of the Jewish land was uninhabitable The Jewish territory was divided into three portions. The territory given to the Jews was already inhabited by Arabs This plan made conflict in the long run all but inevitable Many of the other Arab Nations believed in an Idea of Pan-Arabism where one government would control all of the Arab world, which directly conflicted with the existence of Israel

THE ISSUE OF PALESTINE The immediate response by surrounding nations was anger that the Jews were in control of Muslim territory They responded by invading the new country The invasion failed and many Palestinians fled to nearby Arab countries and were forced to live as refugees.

EGYPT AND NASSER After Egypt gained independence from Great Britain it was ruled by various governments In the early 1950’s an Egyptian colonel named Gamal Abdel Nasser took control of the government. In 1956 he seized control of the Suez Canal Company, which controlled the Suez Canal Great Britain, France and Israel attacked Egypt to win back the Canal. The US and USSR support Egypt and they are able to retain control.

NASSER AND PAN-ARABISM After the Suez conflict Nasser is seen as a powerful Arab leader and begins to promote Pan-Arabism The first step for Nasser was to unite Syria and Egypt He hoped this union would lead to more states uniting. The problem was oil rich Arab states did not want to share their wealth. Nasser wanted to Nationalize oil production to keep the profits in the Arab world rather than with western countries. The Union fell apart in 1961 when Syria withdrew.

THE 1967 SIX DAY WAR In 1967 Nasser decided to confront Israel by blockading their access to a key shipping lane. Israel, fearing an attack, struck Egypt wiping out the Egyptian air force. They then attacked the west bank (Palestine), Gaza strip (Palestine) and the Sinai peninsula (Egypt). The war resulted in a major gain in terms of land for Israel.

THE 1970’S Nasser died in 1970 and was replaced by a man named Anwar el-Sadat. Sadat and other Arab leaders were determined to get back the land lost in 1967 In 1973 they attacked Israel which was unsuccessful and ended in 1974 During this time period the United States and Europe became more involved due to spiking oil prices as a result of the conflicts. OPEC or the Organization of Oil Exporting Countries had agreed to raise prices.

CAMP DAVID ACCORDS In1977 President Carter called a conference between Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin. The agreement ended the hostility between the two countries Most other Arab countries still refused to acknowledge Israel.

THE PLO The Palestine Liberation Organization was a group founded in Egypt in 1964 with the goal of creating an Arab state in palestine. Division: Political Wing: Led by Yasir Arafat Terrorist Wing: Al Fatah- Launched terrorist attacks against Israel Promoted intifada- an uprising of Palestinians living inside Israel. In 1993 Israel and the PLO reached an agreement where there would be autonomous Palestinian areas inside Israel in exchange, PLO acknowledged Israel's right to exist.

IRANIAN REVOLUTION Iran in the 1950’s and 60’s was controlled by Reza Shah Pahlavi. During this time period Iran became wealthy and was a major ally of the United States. Many Iranian Muslims believed that the wealth was corrupting their society They began to back a Muslim cleric name Ayatollah Khomeini In 1979 Phalavi’s government collapsed and was replaced by a Muslim government run by Khomeini

IRANIAN REVOLUTION The result of the revolution was the execution of any followers of the previous government Also the American embassy was shut down and the US refused to acknowledge the new government In the 1990’s there were numerous accusations of corruption and there was a softening of the Iranian government. Today the US and Iran are still enemies.

IRAQ-IRAN WAR Led by Saddam Hussein the Iraqi’s launched an invasion of Iran Why? Religious differences: Iraq Sunni, Iran Shiia Control of the Straight of Hormuz The US sent aid to Iraq because of their dislike of Iran Iraq used chemical weapons against civilians The US withdrew support In 1988 there was a ceasefire between the two

OPERATION DESERT STORM Iraq’s next move was to invade Kuwait, which it claimed was rightfully part of its own territory. The US responded by invading Iraq to protect it’s oil interests in Kuwait. The US pushed the Iraqi’s all the way to Baghdad, but stopped before they toppled Saddam’s regime. Later in the 2000’s the US invaded again and Saddam Hussein was caught and executed for war crimes.

AFGHANISTAN Originally led by a king who sought economic assistance from the USSR He was overthrown by his cousin who was then overthrown by the soviets themselves in 1978 The soviets controlled for 10 years but were forced out by rebel groups supported by US forces The Taliban took control in 1996, but lost control after the US invasion following the 9/11 attacks. The Taliban were accused of harboring terrorist leader Osama Bin Laden

MIDDLE EASTERN CULTURE Islam The vast majority of the middle east is Islamic Recently there has been a purge the area of non-Islamic influences Terrorism: Large misperception that all Muslims are terrorists Most are peaceful and the Quran condemns murder Role of Women: Slowly being given more freedoms, though only in some Arab countries

US AND THE MIDDLE EAST TODAY Iraq: The US invaded Iraq in 2002 Over 10,000 US Casualties Full withdrawal in 2011 Iraq currently has a tenuous democracy Iran: The US and Iran have reached heightened levels of tension recently over access to the straight of Hormuz where 30% of the worlds oil flows through Also Iran is hostile towards Israel which is a long standing US ally Another issue is Iran’s nuclear program which they claim is peaceful

ASSIGNMENT Topics Palestine/Israel Egypt Six Days War OPEC Iraq-Iran War Afghanistan Presentation 3 Options Recommendation To Be Considered Who is involved Immediate goals Long-term goals Immediate consequences Long-term consequences Precedents being set?