Presented by John Masai Kapolon Energy Specialist and Head of Energy Access Programme, Practical Action Eastern Africa Sustainable Energy Technologies

1.Overview of  Sources of energy in Kenya  Distribution of Energy Generating Plants in Kenya 2.Micro Hydropower Technology  What is a micro hydropower system  Classification of micro hydropower systems  Power generation, application and future potential of MHP in Kenya 3.Wind Energy Technology  What is Wind energy  Component of a wind energy system  Application and future potential of wind systems application Contents of the Presentation

Energy Sources Solar and wind Energy Less than 25% of the Kenyan population are accessible to Modern energy services. Use of inferior fuels such as plastic waste 23% of total population are accessible to electricity and of this only 5% of the population are in rural areas. Dependence on one main source of electricity. Inadequate supply Weak transmission and distribution network - high power losses It is expensive to pay for electricity bills High cost of rural electrification e.g. Kenya Ksh35,000 is required for connection to the main grid High prices of Kerosene used mainly for cooking and lighting. For rural households Research and exploitation needed harness existing renewable energy resources Wood Fuel Petroleum Electricity Energy Sources

Distribution of Energy Generating Plants in Kenya Generating Stations in Kenya - KenGen Source: KenGen

Wind Energy Technology

What is wind energy Wind energy is the energy produced from the motion of the wind (kinetic energy) and the blades of the wind turbines transform the kinetic energy into electricity

The grid connected Ngong Power Station wind farm is located on Ngong hills in Nairobi and began with two wind turbines commissioned in 1993 as a donation from the Belgian Government. The two turbines were retired and a second phase was commissioned in August 2009 and has 6 turbines with a capacity of 5.1 MW of power and annual generation of 12GWh. The other partner is Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen) who plan to expand to 25.5 MW (Institute of Economic Affairs, 2013) Examples of Best Practices on Wind Energy

Ngong wind Farm, Ngong Hills

Challenges with wind Energy Wind energy mostly has been carried out by private companies as it requires wind measurements before starting of the project, high initial capital and technical maintenance. Although wind energy is renewable, is compatible with crop farming and livestock production, and produce no emissions. Wind Energy has also some negative environmental effects. For example the turbines kill birds which fly into them, degrades wildlife habitat, affect temperatures within the vicinity due to turbulence created by turbines and may cause noise during their operations.

Wind energy can be harnessed and utilized for water pumping and electricity production. Wind energy is available free of charge just like solar and can be an alternative source of energy for remote areas away from the grid. Uses of Wind Energy

Small-scale Hydro Power Production and Use

What is hydro power? Hydro power is electricity generated from the energy of falling or running water. In Kenya this accounts to about 50% of electricity. Small hydropower (SHP) schemes Pico, micro and mini, hydro power plants are small- scale electricity production plants. In most cases, no dam or reservoir storage is involved in these schemes and mainly use running of rivers. Type of small hydro power

Canal Based System

Dam Based System

Classification of Hydropower Type 1  Pico-hydro and produce electricity below 5kW and micro-hydro below 100kW.  Are used in developing countries and provide electricity to communities where grid connection is missing.  Electricity is supplied directly to households and a local load (frequency and voltage) controller is necessary.  Are designed on a household basis or at village level often involving local materials and labour Type 2  Mini-hydro and produce electricity below kW.  Are grid connected for control of frequency and voltage.  They require traditional engineering approaches.  Need access road for delivery of construction materials and heavy electro-mechanical equipment Small hydro power plants upper limit is 10,000kW and for large countries such as India and China this rises to 25000kW and 50,000kW respectively. Policies support SHP and in Kenya for instance a project producing less than 100 KW does not require permit. There is need to check with environmental government bodies on requirements for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).

Challenges of Small Scale Hydro Electricity High installation cost and average of US$3000 Require technical expertise mostly from outside the local community local capacity to manufacture small hydropower components like turbines and electronic load controllers Inadequate hydrological data

Case Study: The Tungu-Kabiri Community Hydro Project, around Mt. Kenya

About 200 members of the community formed a micro hydropower plant commercial enterprise and each individual bought a share in the company, with a maximum share value of about US$50. The members also contributed labour, dedicating every Tuesday for over a year to the construction work, which was overseen by the MoE and ITDG (Now Practical Action) The micro hydropower plant is owned and managed by the community and day-to-day operations are managed by a 10-member community power committee, and this committee also conducts consultations with the wider community about how the power generated from the system should be used. The electricity is currently used mainly for household supply and micro- enterprises, such as a welding unit, a battery-charging station, mobile charging and a beauty salon. Case study: Tungu Kabiri, Chuka

Head race Construction

Head Race Construction

Intake Structures

Intake Structure

Thank you for your attention John Masai Kapolon Practical Action, Eastern Africa P. O. Box Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 (20) / / / Fax: +254 (20) Cell Phone: Website: