Chapter 12 Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Erikson’s Theory: Identity vs. Role Confusion Identity  Defining who you are, what you value, and your direction in life  Commitments to vocation, relationships, sexual orientation, ethnic group, ideals  Exploration, resolution of “identity crisis” Role Confusion  Lack of direction and self-definition  Earlier psychosocial conflicts not resolved  Society restricts choices  Unprepared for challenges of adulthood Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Self-Concept in Adolescence  Unifies separate traits into more abstract descriptors  May describe contradictory traits  Gradually combines traits into organized system:  qualifiers  integrating principles © Goodluz/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Self-Esteem in Adolescence  Continues to gain new dimensions:  close friendship  romantic appeal  job competence  Generally rises, but drops temporarily at school transitions  Parenting style affects quality and stability of self-esteem © Aleshyn_Andrei/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Identity Statuses Exploration Commitment HighLow High identity achievement identity moratorium Low identity foreclosure identity diffusion Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Identity Status and Cognitive Style Identity-achieved Information-gathering Moratorium Foreclosure Dogmatic, inflexible Diffusion Long-term diffusionDiffuse-avoidant Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Factors That Affect Identity Development  Personality  Child-rearing practices:  attachment  Peers, friends  Schools, communities  Culture  Societal forces © Goodluz/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Culture and Identity  View of self-continuity  Cultural-majority adolescents:  individualistic view  enduring personal essence  Cultural-minority adolescents:  interdependent view  constantly transforming self: coherent narrative © dboystudio/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development Preconventional level Stage 1: Punishment and obedience Stage 2: Instrumental purpose Conventional level Stage 3: “Good boy–good girl” (morality of interpersonal cooperation) Stage 4: Social-order-maintaining Postconventional or principled level Stage 5: Social contract Stage 6: Universal ethical principle Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Research on Kohlberg’s Theory  Few people reach postconventional morality  Stages 3 and 4 reflect morally mature reasoning  In real life, people often reason below actual capacity © arek_malang/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Sex Differences in Moral Reasoning?  Kohlberg: emphasis on rights and justice orientation  Gilligan: emphasis on “ethic of care” orientation  Each sex uses both orientations, but females may stress care more, because of greater involvement in activities involving care and concern for others Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Reasoning About Situations Raising Competing Issues  Moral  Social-conventional  Personal:  personal choice weighed against community obligations  personal rights integrated with ideal reciprocity © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Influences on Moral Reasoning  Child-rearing practices:  caring, supportive  discussions of moral concerns  Schooling: higher education  Peer interaction  Culture © Alan Bailey/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Moral Reasoning and Behavior Factors influencing behavior include  maturity of moral reasoning  emotions: empathy, sympathy, guilt  temperament  cultural experiences and beliefs  moral identity  parenting practices: inductive discipline, moral standards  schooling: just educational environments  civic engagement Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Civic Engagement  Volunteering promotes  moral maturity  altruism  Influential factors:  family: knowledge of civic issues  school, community:  vision and skills for civic engagement  service-learning programs © mangostock/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Religious Involvement and Morality  Formal religious involvement declines in adolescence  Religious involvement linked to  more community service  less drug and alcohol use  delayed sexual activity  less delinquency © Gordon Swanson/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Pragmatic Approach to Morality  Claims Kohlberg’s stages inadequately account for behavior in everyday life  Moral judgments are practical tools that  depend on current context and motivation  are frequently directed at self-serving goals  Critics: People often rise above self- interest to defend others’ rights. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Gender Intensification in Adolescence  Increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behavior  Not universal, more common in girls  Biological, social, and cognitive influences  Declines by late adolescence © Blend Images/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Parent–Child Relationships in Adolescence  Strives for autonomy:  emotional component: self-reliance  behavioral component: independent decision making  Deidealizes parents  Authoritative parenting:  balancing autonomy-granting with monitoring  extra challenging during adolescence Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Parent–Adolescent Conflict  Facilitates adolescents’ identity and autonomy  Signals parents to adjust parenting style  Cultural variations:  acculturative stress  decreased family time not universal © Golden Pixels LLC/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Family Influences on Adolescents’ Adjustment  Family circumstances that affect appropriate autonomy-granting:  financial security  parental work pressures  stable marriage  Sibling relationships:  less intense, in both positive and negative feelings  attachment remains strong in most cases Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Characteristics of Adolescent Friendships  Fewer “best friends”  Stress intimacy, mutual understanding, loyalty  Friends tend to be similar, and become more so:  identity status  educational aspirations  political beliefs  deviant behavior © bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Sex Differences in Adolescent Friendships Girls  Emotional closeness  Communal concerns  Get together to “just talk”  Self-disclosure, support Boys  Shared activities  Achievement, status  Competition, conflict  Androgyny related to increased intimacy Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Self-Disclosure in Relationships Figure 12.1 (From D. Buhrmester, 1996, “Need Fulfillment, Interpersonal Competence, and the Developmental Contexts of Early Adolescent Friendship,” in W. M. Bukowski, A. F. Newcomb, & W. W. Hartup [Eds.], The Company They Keep: Friendship in Childhood and Adolescence, New York: Cambridge University Press, p Reprinted with permission of Cambridge University Press.) Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Friendship Risks  Corumination:  anxiety, depression  Relational aggression:  girls’ closest friendships of shorter duration  Internet communication:  racial and ethnic slurs  sexual obscenity  harassment  reduced quality of face-to-face interaction © wrangler/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

U.S. Teenagers’ Daily Use of Social Media Figure 12.2 (Adapted from Lenhart et al., 2010.) Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Benefits of Adolescent Friendships  Opportunities to explore self  Opportunities to deeply understand another  Foundation for future intimate relationships  Help in managing stress  Improved school attitudes and involvement © oliveromg/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Cliques and Crowds  Cliques:  small groups: 5–7  good friends  similar in family background, attitudes, and values  Crowds:  larger: composed of several cliques  membership based on reputation, stereotype © Robbi/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Increase in Romantic Relationships Figure 12.3 (Adapted from Carver, Joyner, & Udry, Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Changes in Dating During Adolescence  Mixed-sex cliques prepare teenagers for dating  Dating goals change with age:  early adolescence: recreation, peer status  late adolescence: intimacy, compatibility, affection, social support  Relationships with parents and friends contribute to security of romantic ties Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Dating Problems  Too-early dating:  drug use, sex, delinquency  poor academic achievement  dating violence  For gay and lesbian youths:  finding partners  peer harassment, rejection © MJTH/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Depression in Adolescence  Most common psychological problem: 15–20% have had one or more major episodes  Twice as many girls as boys:  early-maturing girls  gender intensification  Influential factors:  heredity  parental depression  learned helplessness © Jochen Schoenfeld/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Adolescent Suicide  Suicide rate jumps sharply at adolescence  Related factors:  gender  ethnicity  family environment, high life stress  sexual orientation  personality:  intelligent, withdrawn  antisocial  triggering negative events Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Preventing Suicide  Attend to warning signs  Provide adult and peer support  Teach coping strategies  Remove access to means: gun control legislation © Lisa F. Young/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Delinquency  Widespread in early and middle adolescence, then declines  Related factors:  gender  SES, ethnicity  difficult temperament  low intelligence, poor school performance  peer rejection, association with antisocial peers  family characteristics  neighborhood Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Two Routes to Adolescent Delinquency  Early-onset: behavior begins in childhood:  biological risks and inept parenting combine  linked to serious antisocial activity  Late-onset: behavior begins around puberty  peer influences © Ardelean Andreea/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Path to Chronic Delinquency Figure 12.4 Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Preventing Adolescent Delinquency  Positive family relationships  High-quality teaching  Communities with healthy economic and social conditions  Multisystemic therapy  Zero tolerance policies are inconsistent, ineffective © Alexander Raths/Shutterstock Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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