Restoration and Revolution Created by David Silverman

Restoration  Once Napoleon was defeated in 1815 and the Bourbons were restored to power, the nations of Europe were tasked with repairing their relationships with each other while insuring no further revolutions would occur  To control the masses, states created secret police forces, more efficient bureaucracies, and more efficient censorship offices  States also attacked the legacy of the Enlightenment  The Church, which had suffered more than any other institution during the French Revolution, made a surprising recovery during the Restoration ( )  States saw religion as a way to enforce repression  The Anglican clergy worked in the House of Lords to block parliamentary measures and reforms  The Inquisition was allowed to operate in Spain again

Competing Ideologies  Conservatism  Edmund Burke's (member of the House of Commons) works (Reflections on the Revolution in France) were read throughout Europe which focused on:  Attacking the principle of the rights of man  Natural law was dangerous to social order  Authority should focus on tradition  Conservatism should not be reactionary in nature, and political change should be a slow process over the passage of time  Joseph de Maistre believed all political authority stemmed from God, and monarchs should be extreme with anyone who even hinted towards political reform  "the first servant of the crown should be the executioner"  Nationalism  Based on the idea that people are more loyal to their nation than their king or local lord  Emerged during the French Revolution when calling on young men for military service inspired patriotism  Kicking all French soldiers from their lands became a unifying purpose for Europeans  The Grimm brothers wrote old German folk tales that inspired a traditional German national spirit

Liberalism  Based on ideas like political equality, individual rights, and human freedom  Emerged in writings from philosophers of the Enlightenment  Supports limits on political authorities through the formation of parliamentary bodies and writings of constitutions  Connected to the early stages in the French Revolution when the constitutional monarchy was established with Lafayette's "Declaration of the Rights of Man"  Liberals wanted to limit the power of the state and emphasize an individual's right to religious freedom, freedom of the press, and equality under the law

Liberalism cont...  Besides being a political theory, liberalism was also a school of economic thought. The most important of the early liberal economists were the people that formed the classical school  Adam Smith ( ) who wrote An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of Wealth of Nations (1776)  Smith introduced two ideas:  1) Specialists (individuals or countries) have natural skills and can produce their specialties better/faster than others. (France should stick with wine and Scotland should stick with mines as opposed to both trying to be the best at what they aren't good at)  2) Government price-fixing was unnecessary and counterproductive. Instead, a laissez-faire policy (that lets individuals set their own prices and production limits) would balance the supply and demand.  Mercantilism- held that nations' wealth could be measured only in gold reserves and that foreign trade would hurt one side or the other.  Smith disagreed and realized a nation's true wealth was the goods produced by the labor of its citizens.

Liberalism- Malthus and Ricardo  Economics is sometimes referred to as 'the dismal science' because of the depressing conclusions that Malthus and Ricardo reached.  Thomas Malthus ( )- argued in his Essay on Population that the population was growing at a rate that would eventually outstrip the food supply.  David Ricardo ( ) thought that the only way factory owners could find an advantage over their competitors was by offering lower wages. This resulted in a steady downward spiral for employee earnings.  This "Iron Law of Wages" pleased factory owners as they were now, "justified" in providing lower wages *** Both men were writing when the dramatic expansion of production brought on the Industrial Revolution (making both of their negative predictions obsolete)

Liberalism- John Stuart Mill  Some writers became to question certain, classical Liberal thought  John Stuart Mill ( ) began as a disciple of Jeremy Bentham ( ), who had provided a justification for an expanded role for government by suggesting that governments should seek to provide 'the greatest happiness for the greatest number'  Bentham's views (called utilitarianism) were furthered by Mill.  Mill wrote Principles of Political Economy – saying it may be necessary for the state to intervene and help workers achieve economic justice.  Later, Mill's views got closer to socialism and he questioned the need for absolute private property and suggested ways to make wealth equal.  Harriet Taylor ( ), the wife of John Mill, was a large influence on him. Inspired by her, he wrote On the Subjugation of Women

Socialism  Socialism- was also partially rooted in the French Revolution (with a number of radical Jacobins taking the idea of political equality for all through common ownership of all property)  Utopian Socialist- the label given to the early socialist writers. It was a phrase coined by Karl Marx.  Marx viewed these early writers with contempt because he felt they offered unrealistic, non-scientific solutions to the problems in society.  Utopian Socialists believed that capitalism would create over-production and low wages/unemployment. They believed societies could only grow If the environment was right.

Early Socialists  Henri de Saint- Simon ( ) thought society should be organized on a scientific basis. Saint- Simon thought that the intellectual class needed to be at the top of the hierarchy. He hoped to witness a rise of common European interests with one currency, common transportation, a parliament, etc.  Charles Fourier ( ) Another Utopian Socialist, created a blueprint for a cooperative community. It contained a group of 1,620 people living on 5,00 acres. Like a commune with rotating jobs. It never happened.  Fourier thought that, since kids loved dirt, they could handle the trash.  Robert Owen ( ) also had an idea for a community, but he actually implemented it (unlike Fourier)  Owen built New Lanark (a mill town in Scotland) **** Early socialists had little impact in comparison to Karl Marx's proletarian socialism which came later.

References and Resources  Resources  John Stuart Mill John Stuart Mill  Nationalism Nationalism  Liberalism Liberalism References This PowerPoint presentation was adapted using information from the Princeton Review’s Cracking The AP European History Exam Pearl, Kenneth. Cracking the AP European History Exam, New York: Random House, Print.