Geography & History ► By showing how people lived in different times and places, geographers have added to our knowledge of human history. The key to understanding history is studying the five themes of geography:

Geography Theme: Location

1. Location-where a place is on the surface of the Earth using latitude & longitude Ex. Seoul, South Korea at 37 N Latitude and 127 E Longitude

Geographic Theme: Place

2. Place- Physical features: landforms, bodies of water, plant and animal life Human characteristics: economic activity, religious beliefs, and languages

3. Human-environment interaction- people shaping and being shaped by the places that they live Ex. Farmers use water from rivers to irrigate crops or changing your wardrobe for the seasons

Geographic Theme: Movement

4. Movement- movement of people, goods, and ideas Ex. People- cars, bikes, etc. Goods- truck, train, etc. Ideas- news, , phone, etc.

Geographic Theme: Region

5. Region- based on physical characteristics (like a nickname) Ex. States bordering the Gulf of Mexico= “Gulf States” Countries of SW Asia= “Middle East”

5 Themes of Geography: Whitesboro Location- Human-environment interaction- Movement- Place- Region-

Chapter 1: Toward Civilization Prehistory B.C.

Historians learn about the past by examining and evaluating written evidence and other records ► Early on they focused on monarchs, religious leaders, politicians, and generals ► Today they focus on ordinary people as well Historians HerodotusHerodotus (5th century BC) 5th century BC Herodotus5th century BC one of the earliest nameable historians whose work survives whose work survives

► Anthropology – the study of the origins, development and culture of society

► Archaeology- is a branch of anthropology. It is the study culture through artifacts (objects Made by human beings)

Prehistory Before writing: ► no cities ► no countries ► no organized governments ► no complex inventions

Class Assignment- On a sheet of paper, hand in when you are done! ► Page 5 “Chart Skills” Complete the questions that goes with the chart ► Page 6-7 “Piecing the Past Together” Complete the Thinking Critical Questions #1-2 in your notes

Old Stone Age Old Stone Age = Paleolithic Age ► 2 Million B.C. until about 10,000 B.C. ► Mary and Louis Leakey found evidence of early human life in East Africa near the Great Rift Valley. ► “Lucy” is believed to represent the earliest people- Africa is known as the Cradle of Civilization!

► Lived in small, nomadic hunting and food- gathering groups of people. ► Men: hunting and fishing ► Women/Children: gathered berries, fruit, nuts, wild grain, and roots

► Simple tools and weapons made out of stone, bone, or wood ► Developed a spoken language ► Invented clothing ► Used caves and rocky overhangs for shelter ► Learned to build fires for warmth and cooking and cooking

► Animism- belief that spirits are found in animals, objects, or dreams. ► Began burying the dead with care for the afterlife. ► Cave paintings may have been part of animist religious rituals.

“Stone Age Weapons” ► We are going to watch a video clip about Stone Age Weapons ► Write down at least 3 facts about the making of and the use of stone age weapons

Toward Civilization About 12,000 years ago, during the Neolithic period, or New Stone Age, people learned to farm. Known as Neolithic Revolution! ► 1st Agricultural Revolution – Planting seeds for food ► 2nd Agricultural Revolution- Domesticated animals

People were now food producers- population grew- lead to communication between communities Conflicts started because of personal possessions, differences in wealth, food scarcity New technology emerged: ► calendars to measure time between harvest and planting ► plowing with animals ► advanced tools ► weaving cloth Technology and inventions spread slowly to different areas.

Rise of Cities 5,000 years ago- advances made by early farming communities led to the rise of civilizations ► Farmers began cultivating lands along river valleys and producing surplus, or extra food.

Why did cities rise? ► Surpluses helped populations expand. ► As populations grew, some villages grew into cities. ► Civilization (a complex, highly organized social order) developed in the cities.

Group Activity Your group is responsible for teaching us about one of the 8 features of a civilization Using the textbook, poster board and markers: 1. Write the title of the feature on the poster 2. Write a brief description of what the feature is 3. What is it like in society today? 4. Show us what the feature looks like (illustrate) 5. Put your names on the back of the poster 6. Present poster at the end of class ALL MUST PARTICIPATE IN THE GROUP See page 19 for your group’s assignment

8 basic features common to most early civilizations: 1. Cities- rose near rivers, people settled, populations grew larger 2. Well-organized central governments- rulers impose laws and taxes on the people and build up defense system

3. Complex religions- believed in many gods, made sacrifices 4. Job specialization- artisans needed, one person could no longer master all skills needed

5. Social classes- How people ranked in society Ex.1- Priest and nobles 2- Wealthy Merchants 3- Artisans 4- Peasant farmers 5- Slaves

6. Arts and architecture- temples and palaces built/decorated to show strength and power, gods and goddesses were symbolized. 7. Public works- roads, bridges, and defensive walls built for the growing population

8. Writing- pictograms were used to represent something, scribes learned to read and write these symbols

► Civilizations spread when ancient rulers gained more power and more territory ► Powerful rulers created city-states and empires ► Civilizations change when the physical environment changes ► Interactions among people also cause cultures to change- CULTURAL DIFFUSION Civilizations…

River Valley Civilizations- Cities developed into civilizations in the valleys of the: ► Tigris and Euphrates Rivers- Sumerian Civilization (Mesopotamia, Middle East) ► Nile River- Egyptian Civilization ► Indus River- Indus Civilization (India) ► Huang He or Yellow River- Shang Civilization (China)

► River Advantages- -flooding renews soil, fertile land -food source -people & animals can get water -regular water supply -transportation ► River Disadvantages- -flooding -costly to build canals & irrigation -cooperation with everyone on river

Early Civilization Exceptions: ► cities in the Americas did not rise in river valleys ► Aztecs and Incas emerged In the highlands of Mexico & Peru, starting as religious centers.

Reviewing it all… ► People hunt and gather for food…can’t live in large groups ► People learn to farm…can produce their food ► People settle in one area…technology increases ► Surplus of food…population grows ► Cities form…civilizations develop