Objective: To examine the impact of the Crusades on Europe.

The Crusades: Key Facts Who? - The Crusades were fought between European Christians and Middle Eastern Muslims.

When? - The Crusades lasted approximately 200 years, from 1100 – 1300.

1) European demands for Asian products such as silks, spices, glassware, china, rice and oranges increased. Silkworm and cocoon It is estimated that 2,500 to 3,000 cocoons are needed to make just one yard of silk fabric, so despite silk being an excellent material for making fibres it is also expensive to produce. black pepper ginger

2) As a result of the Crusades, European trade with Asia increased.

the Eurasian trade routes of the Middle Ages.

Eurasian Trade Routes Asian traders Muslim traders Italian merchants What happens to the price of goods every time they change hands? The price goes up! Therefore, who became REALLY wealthy from the Eurasian trade routes? Italian merchants!

Europeans were tired of paying the Italians high prices for Asian products. What did they do about it? Europeans began “skipping the middle man”, sailing directly to Asia to buy their products at a lower price.

Early Portuguese Exploration In 1419, Prince Henry the Navigator started a school in Portugal for sailors, captains, navigators, and mapmakers. Prince Henry the Navigator Map of African coast discovered by expeditions sponsored by Prince Henry

In 1487, Bartholomew Dias reached the Southern tip of Africa. Portugal Bartholomew Dias India

Portugal In 1497, Vasco da Gama sailed around Africa, reaching India. India Vasco da Gama

African Middle Kingdoms Rich cultures such as Mali, Ghana, and Songhai were at the center of the trade routes between North and West Africa. They were rich in gold, ivory, iron, and slaves.

Portugal was the first country to bring slaves to Europe. From 1441 – 1841, approximately 11 million Africans were enslaved. The first slaves were brought to Portugal in 1441 for Prince Henry. A large slave auction was held in Lagos in It was described by one witness as a "terrible scene of misery and disorder". By 1455, 800 Africans were transported to Portugal annually.

Christopher Columbus

1. What was Columbus hoping to find by sailing West across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain? China

2. In 1451, Columbus was born in which Italian city? Genoa

3. What was the real name of Christopher Columbus? 4. At what age did Columbus begin sailing on merchant ships? 5. What was the nickname for the Atlantic Ocean? Cristoforo Colombo 14 Sea of Darkness

6. Why did Columbus leave Portugal for Spain in 1485? 7. Which Spanish queen was in favor of supporting Columbus’ voyage? King John of Portugal refused to grant him permission to sail. Queen Isabella (left) Queen Isabella and (right) King Ferdinand

8. How many ships and men were promised to Columbus for his voyage? 9. What were the names of the ships on Columbus’ first voyage? 3 ships and 90 men Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria

10. On Columbus’ first voyage, why didn’t the scared and desperate sailors mutiny, kill Columbus, and return to Spain? 11. What is the name of the modern country where Columbus first landed? Only Columbus knew how to get back to Spain. the Bahamas

12. Where did the term “Indian giver” come from? 13. How was every Indian over the age of 14 treated? Native Americans wanted items loaned to the Spanish returned. The Spanish mistakenly thought they were gifts. They were made into slaves and forced to mine for gold.

15. Which disease, in turn, did the Indians transmit to the Spanish settlers? 16. Columbus was so desperate on his third voyage in 1498 that he was forced to use whom as sailors? 14. Which diseases did the Spanish bring to the West Indies, killing Indians by the thousands? The Spanish infected Native Americans with smallpox and measles. syphillis prisoners

17. Columbus believed that he had found the Garden of Eden while exploring the Orinoco River. Which modern country was Columbus exploring? Venezuela

18. Why was Columbus arrested in 1500 and sent back to Spain in chains? He was caught killing troublesome Spanish sailors by hanging.

19. In what year did Columbus begin his 4 th and final voyage? 1502

20. How did Columbus trick the Indians of Jamaica into feeding his crew? Knowing an eclipse would soon occur, he threatened to take away the moon. After the eclipse occurred, the Native Americans were fearful of Columbus and fed his crew.

21. In what year did Columbus die, and how old was he? He died in 1506 at the age of 55. Tomb of Christopher Columbus, Cathedral of Seville.