Review Session Professor Sungjoon Cho International Law (Spring 2015) Chicago-Kent College of Law

Manifestations If International Law Does Exist, What Does It Look Like? (Sources  Manifestations) Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice 1. Treaties 2. Customs (Customary International Law) 3. General Principles of Law Case Law; Teachings

Treaty Interpretation (Articles 31 and 32 of the Vienna Convention of the Law of Treaties) Article Good Faith 2. Ordinary Meaning 3. Context 4. Object and Purpose Article Preparatory Work (travaux préparatoires)

Good Faith / Jus Cogens Article 18 Article 27 No Excuses Article 46 An Exception to Article 27 Article 53

The Paquete Habana History Comity Fact v. Norm Cf. “Law of Nations” (Federal Common Law) Caveat Dissent

Types of Treaties under the U.S. Legal System Article II Treaties Congressional-Executive Agreements Executive Agreements

Sanchez-Llamas (2006) Facts Three Issues  1. Self-Executing?  2. Suppression of Evidences  3. Procedural Default The Majority  1. Ducked the Question  2. No Miranda Situation  3. Built-In Reservation

The Military Commission Act of 2006 The Background: Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006) Main Provisions  authorizing the President to establish military commissions for the prosecution of certain offenses committed by alien unlawful combatants;  prescribing the procedure and substantive law to be applied by the commissions;  retroactively eliminating the right of habeas corpus for alien enemy combatants detained by the US;

The Military Commission Act of 2006 (Cont’d)  limiting the ability of individuals to invoke the Geneva Conventions as a source of rights in certain proceedings  purporting to authoritatively interpret the Geneva Conventions and to delegate further interpretive authority to the US Executive Legal Is the Act Legal?  International Law  The U.S. Constitution

Hierarchy US Con. Art. VI 1. Treaties = Federal Statutes > State Law 2. Later-in-Time Principle Paquette Havana Paquette Havana (1900) Customary International Law < Treaties, Statutes, “Controlling” Executive, Judicial Actions Constitution v. Treaties  Holland  Holland (1920)  Reid  Reid (1957)

Hierarchy (Cont’d) Article 27 Article 27 of Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties : A state “may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty.” Charming Betsy Charming Betsy Doctrine (Murray v. Schooner Charming Betsy, 6 U.S. (2 Cranch) 64, 118 (1804) ) : “[A]n act of Congress ought never to be construed to violate the law of nations, if any other possible construction remains…”

State Responsibility: Rule of Attribution Two Elements Capacity 1. Capacity (Color of Law) - Ultra Vires (Article 7) - Para-Military Groups / Hired Guns (Article 9) Control 2. Control - Effective Control (Articles 6, 8) Internal Law Loophole? (Article 4:2)

StandingInvoke Standing (Locus Standi): Who Can Invoke State Responsibility? When to Invoke? (Any Prerequisites?) Standing (Locus Standi) Injured 1. Injured State(s) (Article 42) a. That State; or b. A Group of States c. International Community as a Whole * Article 42 (b) (ii) Non-Injured 2. Non-Injured States (Article 48:1(b))  actio popularis

ICJ Contentious Cases 1. Special Agreement (Compromis; Terms of Reference) (Article 36:1) 2. Compromissory Clause (300 treaties) (Articles 37, 40) Cf. Appellate Jurisdiction (ICAO) 3. Unilateral Declaration (Article 36:2, 64 countries, but Reservations) forum prorogatum Cf. forum prorogatum (estoppel) * Kompetenz-Kompetenz (Article 36:6)

Advisory ICJ Advisory Opinions (Article 65) The General Assembly and the Security Council (Article 96, para. 1, of the Charter)(Article 96, para. 1, of the Charter) Three other organs of the United Nations and 16 specialized agencies of the United Nations family (Article 96, para. 2, of the Charter)(Article 96, para. 2, of the Charter) Specialty Cf. The Principle of Specialty (WHO, 1996 ICJ 66)

The Kadic Case The Alien Tort Act  The Genocide Implementation Act  An Official Torture? The Torture Victims Claims Act  Individuals (Human Beings) v. Foreign States  Section 1331 Kiobel

ICC Preconditions to the Exercise of Jurisdiction (Article 12) A State Party  Territory and Nationality Article 12:3 (Declaration)

Exercise of Jurisdiction (Article 13) a State Party Security Council (Chapter VII) The Prosecutor (Article 15: “proprio motu”; Pre-Trial Chamber)

Issues of Admissibility (=Complementarity) (Article 17) “Unwilling” “Unable” “Genuinely”  Shielding / Delay / Partial

Hartford Fire (1993) Majority Opinion  Comity  Conflict? Dissenting Opinion  Extraterritoriality in the Sherman Act (“Substantial Effect”), but Charming Betsy Doctrine  Reasonableness Test  Conflict?

Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act Enacted in 1976, but Amended Several Times Rationale 1. Definitions (§1603: A “Foreign State”) 2. General Immunity (§1604) 3. Exceptions (§1605) : Waiver (Implied); Commercial Activity (Nature > Purpose); Tort (Low Rankers; No Discretion); Torture (Terrorism Exception: 1996 Amendment)

FSIA Cont’d 4. Counterclaim (§1607)  implied waiver / but foreign law may apply! Cf. Forum Non Conveniens Cf. Advice from the Executive (xxx Letter) Cf. Act of State Doctrine (not a jurisdictional question; private parties can also invoke it)

The Act of State Doctrine De Facto Presumption How Different from Sovereign Immunity?  Nature: A Jurisdictional Issue?  Origin  Exception  Who Can Invoke It?  Who Can Waive It?