Taking RELATIVITY back from Principles to Physical Processes by Albrecht Giese Hamburg, Germany London The Physical Causes of Relativity

2 Contents 2 ‘  Introduction: “Space” and “Time”?  Special Relativity  Origin of Mass  General Relativity The Physical Causes of Relativity

3 Question: How is “space” measured? 3 ‘ Examples from geodesy: The Physical Causes of Relativity

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9 Space & Time 9 ‘ Space is not a physical object Space is a concept of the human mind Consequence: replace Space  Objects  Fields X The Physical Causes of Relativity

10 Space & Time 10 ‘ Time is not a physical object Time is a concept of the human mind Consequence: replace Time  Elementary oscillations X The Physical Causes of Relativity

11 Contents 11 ‘  Introduction: “Space” and “Time”?  Special Relativity  Origin of Mass  General Relativity The Physical Causes of Relativity

12 Contraction Dilation ‘ 12 Increase of Mass Energy-Mass Relation Constancy of c The Elements of Special Relativity The Physical Causes of Relativity

13 Objects contract at motion Special Relativity: History of the contraction ‘ 1888: O. Heaviside Electric fields contract at motion 1889 G.F. FitzGerald 1892: H.A. Lorentz Michelson-Morley apparatus contracts at motion which explains the null-result of the experiment: ‘ : R.J. Kennedy E.M.Thorndike The experiment cannot be explained by pure contraction Needs dilation also The Physical Causes of Relativity Sufficient to understand relativity?

14 Internal oscillation causes ‘matter waves’ frequency: Special Relativity: History of the internal motion ‘ 1908: J. Ziegler Motion at c of the ‘smallest objects’ 1924: L. de Broglie 1928: P. Dirac Relativistic QM-function of the electron: 1930: E. Schrödinger Evaluation of the Dirac Function: c Zitterbewegung ‘ 14 The Physical Causes of Relativity

15 “Zitterbewegung” (Schrödinger) Completed  Structure of an Elementary Particle: ‘ No conflict with the electron experiments (de Broglie 1924) (Dirac / Schrödinger 1928/30) (Relativity) (Momentum law) orbit (Spin, mag. moment) 15 The Physical Causes of Relativity

16 Special Relativity: Dilation ‘ 222 vcq  Pythagoras cRT  2  qRT  2'  2 2 1/1 ' c v q c T T  i.e. the Lorentz-Factor v „Speed of proper time“ The Physical Causes of Relativity

/1 ' c v q c T T  i.e. the Lorentz-Factor ‘ d At rest:Measurement of d and T: measured c m = 2d/T = c d = fixed ; T = 2d/c Lab in motion with v: Measurement of d and T: d = fixed  v T = d/(c-v) + d/(c+v) = 2cd/(c 2 - v 2 ) = 2d/c *  2 measured c m = 2d’/T’ with d’ = d/  T’ = T*  measured c m = 2d’/T’ = 2d/T/  2 = c*  2 /  2 = c 17 Special Relativity: Measuring ‘c’ The Physical Causes of Relativity

18 Contents 18 ‘  Introduction: “Space” and “Time”?  Special Relativity  Origin of Mass  General Relativity The Physical Causes of Relativity

/rmass19 The Origin of Mass: Bind of the Basic Particles ‘ 19 The Physical Causes of Relativity

/rmass20 Bind of the Basic Particles ‘ F rr rr F 20 The Physical Causes of Relativity

/rmass21 The Mass Equation ‘ The classical magnetic moment:    Or both equations combined: = Bohr magneton in case of the electron universally valid for all elem. particles Radius R computed from the magnetic moment  and then inserted above  the correct mass m universal for all elem. particles! 21 ‘ The Physical Causes of Relativity

/rmass22 Mass and Increase of Mass ‘ Relativistic increase of mass: From  Spin: Classical angular momentum  Putting the object to motion:    22 The Physical Causes of Relativity

23 The Origin of Mass Existing Models ‘ 23 Higgs Boson Higgs Model Basic Particle Model Vacuum fluctuations Higgs Boson The Physical Causes of Relativity

24 Contents 24 ‘  Introduction: “Space” and “Time”?  Special Relativity  Origin of Mass  General Relativity The Physical Causes of Relativity

/gravity25 The Shapiro-Experiment:   ‘ c c P=1/2 or 1 depending on direction 25 Einstein‘s view: this is a seeming reduction of c The Physical Causes of Relativity

/gravity26 The gravitational field of the sun: The application of classical refraction yields for the vertex: ‘ Now: Acceleration at rest!! P=1/2 or 1 depending on direction Integrating deflection  from –  to +  yields: 1.75 arcsec …. with Newton: 0.88 arcsec  26 This was the great breakthrough for Einstein in 1919 (Solar eclipse)!! Einstein‘s view: the path ís straight but the space is curved The Physical Causes of Relativity

/gravity27 Elementary Particle in a Gravitational Field (with Vertical Axis): ‘ Gravit. Source c c No dependency of the mass! 27 The Physical Causes of Relativity

/gravity28 Formal Result of General Relativity (Gravity) ‘ 28 for radial motion Reduced speed of light c Reduced field distance Schwarzschild Solution for tangential motion in radial direction Lorentz Transformation (time-related) Speed split into radial/tangential portion Now Gravity: The Physical Causes of Relativity

/gravity29 Results of General Relativity (Gravity) ‘ 29 Schwarzschild Solution: is the basis for the proofs of General Relativity: - Perihelion Advance - Gravitational Lensing - … The Physical Causes of Relativity

30 The Physical Causes of Relativity 30 ‘ Field Equations Riemann Geometry As a comparison: The Schwarzschild Solution derived with Einstein

/gravity31 The Schwarzschild Solution derived without Einstein ‘ 31 for radial motion Reduced speed of light c Reduced field distance Schwarzschild Solution for tangential motion in radial direction Lorentz Transformation (time-related) Speed split into radial/tangential portion Now Gravity: The Physical Causes of Relativity

32 Gravity is the change of the speed of light ‘c’ in the vicinity of an object What is Gravity? ‘ But: What is the physical reason for the change of the speed of light ‘c’ in the vicinity of an object? The Physical Causes of Relativity

/gravity33 Why is ‘c’ reduced? Average speed < c ‘ Reduction of c independent of Radius  independent of mass --> by the perturbed path of a light-like particle 33 Force is the Strong Force This solves Quantum Gravity! c The Physical Causes of Relativity

/gravity 34 Gravitational Field of Light Particles at the Sun ‘ r The density of the light particles: Gravitational field of photons at r: c Gravitational field of the ‘Core’ Core The number of light particles up to r: Light Particles (Photons) Observer The Physical Causes of Relativity 34

/gravity 35 Gravitational Field of Light Particles at the Sun per Distance ‘ Sun surface  3 kpc Core dominates Photons (“dark matter”) dominate 35 The Physical Causes of Relativity

36 ‘ Rotation of the Galaxy NGC 3198 halo (of dark matter) photons The Physical Causes of Relativity

/gravity 37 What are the benefits of this model of gravity?  The “Dark Matter” phenomenon Summary  The necessity of the Equivalence Principle (which is an fact derived here)  The “only attracting” effect The model explains:  The force #4 assigned to gravity (non-existent; step towards a unified theory)  Conflicts between gravity and quantum theory QUANTUM GRAVITY BECOMES OBSOLETE The model avoids: The model maintains:  The classical (and naïve) understanding of space and time 37 The Physical Causes of Relativity The model can easily be understood ‘ ‘

/gravity 38 The End ‘ 38 Basing Relativity on Physical Processes