Moral, Ethical, legal and cultural issues How technical innovation leads to moral, ethical, legal and cultural issues How our own moral and ethical beliefs can be applied to computer science What legal issues are related to the world of computing How computers and modern technology effect our culture.

Moral, Ethical, legal and cultural issues Major changes of the last 30 or so years 1985 – Network file systems developed 1989 – Tim-Berners Lee invents the WWW 1991 – Linux is created by Linus Torvalds 1997 – Broadband is available to home users 1998 – Google is developed 1999 – WiFi becomes a recognised standard 2004 – Facebook is founded 2005 – Youtube is founded 2006 – Twitter is created 2010 – Apple unveils the iPad.

Moral, Ethical, legal and cultural issues Facts about the IT industry Five of the worlds top 25 richest countries are IT businesses Owners of Microsoft, Google, Apple and Facebook are some of the richest people in the world IT based companies like Google, Microsoft and Amazon are buying up smaller IT companies rapidly, such as Skype, Dropcam, Minecraft, Lovefilm, IMDB Programmers can earn over £60,000 a year.

Moral, Ethical, legal and cultural issues Moral and Ethical Issues. What are moral issues What are ethical issues Are morals defined individually? Are ethics defined by society? Is it relative or objective?

Moral, Ethical, legal and cultural issues The use and misuse of personal data Personal privacy Have we consented to certain data being kept about us Data Security A lot of data is stored online or on networks – how secure are they? Misuse of data – data collected and passed onto third party or sold to other organisations Big brother – how much is being monitored by governments Online profile – Stuff you put online stays online for a long time. Do you know what your online profile is? Profiling – Organisations build up a profile of individuals to gain a picture or that person – can be detrimental to that person.

Moral, Ethical, legal and cultural issues Benefits and Threats of Technology Read case studies on page 302

Moral, Ethical, legal and cultural issues Other issues Unauthorised access Hackers committing fraud Ethical Hackers exposing weaknesses in systems Unauthorised use of software – downloading illegal copies Inappropriate behaviour – bad behaviour online because of anonymity Trolling Cyberbullying Inappropriate content Pornography Sites promoting religious or racial hatred Freedom of speech Internet gives the medium to promote their views – is this always a good thing?

Moral, Ethical, legal and cultural issues Other issues Unemployment Modernisation effects jobs, redundancies are made due to technology replacing human workers Online retailers affecting the local shop Access to the internet – the Digital divide. Some countries and people do not have access to the internet. Are they disadvantaged by this?

Moral, Ethical, legal and cultural issues Code of Conduct British Computer Society (BCS) has produced a code of conduct and ethics Abiding by the code is requirement of membership of the BCS but not legally enforced. Main principals Always operate in the public interes Have a duty to the organisation that they work for Have a duty to the profession Maintain professional competence and integrity

Moral, Ethical, legal and cultural issues Legal issues Data protection Act Data is Fairly and lawfully processed Processed for limited purposes Adequate, relevant and not excessive Accurate Not kept longer than necessary Processed in accordance with the data subjects rights Secure Not transferred to countries without adequate data protection

Moral, Ethical, legal and cultural issues Legal issues Freedom of information Act Gives subject the right to information stored by public authorities, e.g. hospitals, doctors, other health organisations, police, schools etc. Also provides access to non-personal data help by authorities to help provide a transparency between individual and government.

Moral, Ethical, legal and cultural issues Legal issues Computer misuse act Unauthorised access to computer programs or data Unauthorised access with further criminal intent Unauthorised modification of computer material.

Moral, Ethical, legal and cultural issues Legal issues Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act (RIP) To clarify the powers given to the government when investigating crime or suspected crime. 1) Communications including electronic data 2) Electronic data protected by encryption 3) Rights to decipher data 4) Employers rights to monitor employees computer usage.

Moral, Ethical, legal and cultural issues Legal issues Copyright, Design and Patents Act Covers all materials including computer based ones Original works including instruction manuals, computer programs and some types of databases Web Content Original musical works Sound recordings Films and videos Copyright applies to all work regardless of format. Two techniques used to protect copyright Digital Rights Management (DRM) – Access control software to limit editing or copying digital content Licensing – A digital proof of legal purchase of software

Moral, Ethical, legal and cultural issues Other Acts Official Secrets Act Defamation Act Obscene Publications Act and the Protection of Children Act Health and Safety Act Equality Act

Moral, Ethical, legal and cultural issues Cultural Issues Over-use of data Becoming too dependant on data Invasive Technologies Google Streetview Over reliance of computers Some computer system failures can be fatal. Big Brother Culture Globalisation More access to different cultures and ideologies