Atoms Elements Molecules Chemical Reactions Chemical and Physical properties of matter All of that was NOT alive....
Biology= study of living things
Organization and Cells Respond to their environment Obtain and use energy Growth and development Reproduction
The production of offspring (children) that contain the parents genetic material Asexual-A single organism can reproduce on their own. Sexual- requires two cells (sperm and egg) to unite and produce a new individual. If ALL reproduction stops in a species they will go extinct!
Asexual Examples: Hydra budding, bacteria splitting in two Sexual Examples: Humans/all animals, plants
react to both external and internal changes and conditions. Homeostasis- regulation (control) of an organism’s internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for life Example: When you are thirsty- its your bodies way of saying it needs more water
Growth- increase in the amount of living material (your size changes!) Development- changes in the appearance and organization of a living thing
Heterotrophs- get energy by eating other living things and digesting it ▪ Examples: Us, animals, fish Autotrophs- use energy from the sun to make their own food. This process is called photosynthesis! ▪ Examples: Plants, some bacteria
A cell is the smallest thing that has the characteristics of life! Multicellular- organism made of more than 1 cell, usually can be seen with the naked eye ▪ Example: humans, animals, plants Unicellular- organism made of 1 cell, usually need a microscope to see ▪ Example: bacteria, ameobas
All living things (organisms) are made of cells. So what is a cell made of?
Cell Membrane (aka. Plasma membrane) What is it? The protective barrier that encloses a cell and separates it from the external environment
What is it made of? Made of proteins, lipids and phospho-lipids forming a protective bi-layer What is it’s job? It controls what goes into and out of the cell and protects the contents of the cell from the external environment.
Cytoplasm (aka “the soup”) What is it? The fluid inside the cell What is it made of? Made of organelles, proteins, vesicles What is it’s job? It helps maintain a stable environment inside the cell and is the place where all the chemical reactions take place!
Genetic Material What is it? Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) What is it made of? Made of sugar, phosphate and a nitrogen base code in the shape of a double helix
What is it’s job? It carries the information needed to make new cells and new organisms. It controls all the activities of the cell Located in the: Nucluoid region- In prokaryotic cells. Nucleus- In eukaryotic cells
Ribosomes What is it? The smallest of all organelles What is it made of? Made of RNA and protein What is it’s job? It is the site of protein synthesis (ie. Where proteins are made!)
Cell Theory!!!
Put the terms in order from simplest to complex: molecule, atom, cell, tissue, organ, organism, organ system Response to Stimuli Which system of the body would be in charge of this? ex) pupils dilate or contract, touch something hot
Homeo (stable, constant, same) Stasis (state) VISUAL CONCEPT on TEMPERATURE Which system(s) of the body relates to homeostasis? ▪ Urinary (excretory) ▪ Respiratory ▪ circulatory
All the chemical reactions that take in energy and transform it to be used by body (cells) Ex) ▪ Photosynthesis ▪ Consumers (Respiration – break down food that’s eaten) Which system of the body relates to metabolism? ▪ Digestive system
Do you have to reproduce to be healthy? Transmit hereditary (DNA) info Asexual and Sexual (external and internal) Reproduction Explain the growth and development of a frog/human/butterfly
ONLY POPULATIONS of living things change through time (evolve) ▪ You cannot change you genes within your lifetime. This is important for survival of a species
Protons, Neutrons, Electrons Atoms Compounds and Molecules Organelles CELLS (Life) Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organisms
Robert Hooke (1665) Using a microscope, discovered cells in slices of cork Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1673) Using a better microscope, observed the 1 st living organisms – a microorganism
Finally allowed scientists to observe the differences between living and nonliving things (cells) Revolutionary time!
Schleiden (1838) - botanist- plants made of cells Schwann- (1839) zoologist- animals made of cells Virchow- (1855) physician- cells come from cells
1.All living organisms are made of 1 or more cells 2.Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism 3.Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells
1.Shape 2.Size 3.Internal Organization At least 200 different kinds of cells make up YOU!
Nerve cell- long to get and send info over the body Skin cell - flat to cover a surface White blood cell - can change shape - fit narrow spaces, engulf bacteria
-some we can see, ex) eggs -most have to use a microscope to see Range of size: Plant & animal cells~10-50 μm (1/500 the size of a period in a book) Bacterial cells ~ 0.2 μm ( x smaller!)
:1 Let’s Discuss… As the size of a cell increases, by what power does SA increase? Volume? Which increases much faster than the other? Why might cells getting larger be a bad thing?
1.Plasma Membrane cells outer boundary Covers cell’s surface to protect it Selectively Permeable Barrier between inside and outside that allows some substances into the cell but keeps others out.
2.Cytoplasm Inside the membrane Includes fluid, cytoskeleton, all organelles (except the nucleus) Cytosol: all molecules & small particles except organelles (20% proteins)
3.Control center – genetic info Holds DNA to regulate cell & for reproduction Nucleoid
Differences??? Similarities???
1.Prokaryotes No nucleus No membrane- bound organelles Ex) Bacteria 2.Eukaryotes Have nucleus Have membrane-bound organelles Usually larger Ex) Plants, animals, fungi, protists
Organelle: Sub-cellular structure Performs a specific function for the cell Many are surrounded by a membrane ▪ Don’t worry – you’ll learn all of them soon!
Multicellular organisms Unicellular organisms: Colonial organsims: