Nathaniel Hawthorne

Born on July 4, 1804 in Salem, MA Grandfather = Judge Hathorne (Crucible) Changed his name to distance himself from his family’s history (GUILT) Handsome guy, loving wife, admired by literary critics – yet became increasingly withdrawn as his life went on (exploration of darkness of the heart will do that) Most famous work – The Scarlet Letter Died 1864

Symbol: literary device/element that has a literal meaning (surface level) and a deeper, more significant meaning Symbolic meaning of the objects on this slide?

Example of symbolism in Shakespeare’s As You Like It “All the world’s a stage, And all the men and women merely players; they have their exits and their entrances; And one man in his time plays many parts,” What does the stage symbolize? The players? The parts?

Allusion: reference to a previous work, historical event, famous person, or pop culture Examples: Your backyard is a garden of Eden! Great job on the test, Einstein. Don't be a Scrooge!

Allegory: a story in which “abstract ideas and principles are described in terms of characters, figures and events”; essentially, a symbolic story Makes characters multi- dimensional, gives layers of meaning to a work, allows authors to push an agenda (moral and/or political)

Pre-reading: Think of the text in context (historical, author’s past, literary movement(s), etc.) Make predictions – what you think the text will be about While reading, annotate! Circle repetitive themes or images (motifs) Circle words you don’t know – look them up or ask in class! Underline sentences/phrases that stand out, develop an argument, or make a point Connect ideas with arrow In the margins – summarize sections, identify literary techniques (symbols, alliteration, etc.)

LiteraryDevices Editors. “Allegory” LiteraryDevices.net Web. 4 Nov LiteraryDevices Editors. “Allusion” LiteraryDevices.net Web. 4 Nov LiteraryDevices Editors. “Symbol” LiteraryDevices.net Web. 4 Nov Elements of Literature textbook