© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Ch 11 The Beginning of Life and Childhood

© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.. Key Terms amniocentesis artificial insemination chromosome clone cloning DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) emancipated minors gene gene therapy genetic counselor genetic discrimination genetic engineering genetics genome heredity heterologous artificial insemination homologous artificial insemination 11-2

© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.. Key Terms Human Genome Project infertility in vitro fertilization (IVF) mature minors multipotent stem cells mutation parens patriae pluripotent stem cells safe haven laws stem cells surrogate mother xenotransplantation 11-3

© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Learning Outcomes 11.1Define genetics and heredity List several situations in which genetic testing might be appropriate, and explain how it might lead to genetic discrimination Define genetic engineering, and explain why cloning and stem cell research are controversial issues. 11-4

© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Learning Outcomes (cont.) 11.4 Discuss three possible remedies for couples experiencing infertility problems List and discuss those laws affecting health care that pertain especially to children’s rights. 11-5

© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Genetics and Heredity Genetics –The science that accounts for natural differences and resemblances among organisms related by descent Heredity –The science of or the process by which organisms pass genetic traits on to their offspring 11-6

© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) 11-7

© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) (cont.) DNA is the combination of proteins, called nucleotides, that is arranged to make up an organism’s chromosomes 11-8

© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Genes and Genomes Gene – A tiny segment of DNA found on a chromosome within a cell’s nucleus Genome – All the DNA in an organism, including its genes 11-9

© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. The Human Genome Project A scientific project funded by the U.S. government, begun in 1990 and successfully completed in 2000, for the purpose of mapping all of a human’s genes 11-10

© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Uses of Genetic Testing Predictive testing Carrier testing Prenatal testing Preimplantation testing Forensic testing Tracing lineage Newborn screening tests Diagnostic testing 11-11

© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Genetic Diseases 11-12

© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Genetic Discrimination Differential treatment based on actual or presumed genetic differences Laws that prohibit genetic discrimination: –HIPAA –ADA –GINA –ACA 11-13

© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Genetic Engineering Manipulation of DNA within the cells of plants, animals, and other organisms through synthesis, alteration, or repair to ensure that certain harmful traits will be eliminated in offspring and that desirable traits will appear and be passed on Controversial due to unforseen effects 11-14

© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Cloning The process by which organisms are created asexually, usually from a single cell of a parent organism Controversial 11-15

© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Xenotransplantation Transplantation of animal tissues and organs into humans Controversial 11-16

© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Objections to Genetic Engineering Cloning does not always yield viable offspring 30% of live clones are affected with “large offspring syndrome” and other debilitating conditions A large failure rate in human clones is unacceptable 11-17

© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Objections to Genetic Engineering Many clones die prematurely Scientists do not know how cloning affects mental development Unethical to use animals 11-18

© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Human Stem Cell Research Stem cells –Cells that have the potential to become any type of body cell Multipotent stem cells –Can become a limited number of types of body cells and tissues Pluripotent stem cells –Can become almost all types of body cells and tissues 11-19

© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Gene Therapy Treating harmful genetic diseases or traits by eliminating or modifying the harmful gene Variety of applications –Replace deficiencies –Insert normal copies of genes –Turn off harmful genes 11-20

© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Infertility The failure to conceive for a period of 12 months or longer due to a deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of any reproductive part, organ, or system 11-21

© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Options for Infertile Couples In vitro fertilization –Fertilization takes place outside woman’s body, in test tube Artificial insemination –Mechanical injection of semen into woman’s vagina Surrogacy –A woman bears a child for another woman 11-22

© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Rights of Children Parens patriae –A legal doctrine that gives the state the authority to act in a child’s best interest " Best interest of the child " concept –Alternative that best safeguards the child’s growth, development, and health Rights of the newborn –Same as any other citizen of any age 11-23

© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Abandoned Infants Safe haven laws –State laws that allow mothers to abandon newborns to designated safe facilities without penalty 11-24

© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Minors Mature minors –Individuals in their mid- to late teens considered mature enough to give informed consent Emancipated minors –Individuals in their mid- to late teens who legally live outside parents’ or guardians’ control 11-25