Chapter 13: European State Consolidation in the 17 th and 18 th Century

United Provinces of the Netherlands – Republic; semi-autonomous provinces dominated by Holland; States General – Stadtholder; when threatened, power given to House of Orange – religious toleration; Calvanist reform church official Urban Prosperity – high urban consolidation; transformed agriculture; extensive trade and finance; an overseas commercial empire Economic Decline – loss of political leadership and naval supremacy; domestic disunity – banks remained significant

Two Types of Centralized Monarchy – military concerns drive development; how to raise revenue? – Parliamentary Monarchy vs. Political Absolutism

James I – succeeds Elizabeth I; believes in divine right of kings – avoid parliament for raising revenue – impositions; enhance Anglican episcopacy – Puritan move to America – scandal and corruption – homosexual favoritism; peace with Spain; Catholic penal laws; German protestants

Charles I – War with Spain; unfunded – extra parliamentary revenue measures cause tension – Petition of Rights; dissolve Parliament – Years of personal rule – peace with Spain and France; Thomas Wentworth – efficient centralized government – Redress Grievances – Short Parliament

Long Parliament and Civil War – landowners, merchants and religious leaders had widespread support – abolish royal courts and establish new powers; religious division – Charles not given funds to put down Scottish rebellion – he invades Parliament – Civil War – king (Cavaliers) vs. Parliament (Rounders)

Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan Republic – Parliament wins civil war – alliance with Scots and Oliver Cromwell – Charles executed – monarch abolished; Puritan Republic formed – Cromwell raises army and conquers Scots and Irish – commits atrocities; Parliament disbanded – Cromwell becomes Lord Protector

Charles II and the Restoration of the Monarchy – People tired of Puritan rule; Charles II restores old order in England – wants religious toleration – Conflict with Parliament - Clarendon code – Treaty of Dover – alliance with France; source of revenue; Declaration of Indulgence; Test Act – Titus Oats and the Popish Plot; Whigs against new Catholic king – James II – Charles refuses to call Parliament and persecutes perceived enemies

“The Glorious Revolution” – James II; Parliament dissolved again; Catholic appointees; New Declaration of Indulgences – seen as royal attack on local authority – Parliament invites William III of Orange and English wife Mary to invade England – bloodless Glorious Revolution – William and Mary recognize traditional liberties through Bill of Rights and accepted limited powers of the monarchy – Catholic prohibited from throne; Toleration Acts – Act of Settlement – settles dispute of heir to throne; George of Hanover

Age of Walpole – Sir Robert Walpole – leading member of House of Commons; peace abroad and status quo at home – lack of central government interference in local affairs leads to profitable revenue base – model of progressive European State – influence North America