Crud oil conversion

Questions  What is the crud oil?  Distillation technology  Cracking

Crude oil is thought to have been made from the remains of marine plants and animals that died millions of years ago. Over millions of years the layers of rock built up, increasing the heat and pressure. This caused the remains to be broken down into the molecules that form crude oil and natural gas. Many compounds in crude oil only contain the elements carbon and hydrogen. They are called hydrocarbons. What is the crud oil?

Crude oil is a mixture of different sized hydrocarbons. What is the crud oil?

Crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation. 1.Oil is heated to about 450 °C and pumped into the bottom of a tall tower called a fractionating column, where it vaporizes. 2.The column is very hot at the bottom but much cooler at the top. As the vaporized oil rises, it cools and condenses. 3.Heavy fractions (containing large molecules) have a high boiling point and condense near the bottom of the column. 4.Lighter fractions (containing small molecules) have a lower boiling point and condense further up the column.

Distillation technology

Fractional Distillation What happen to the fractions? Fractions are still mixtures Different fractions are put to different uses Fractions can be distilled further Some fractions are more valuable then others The heavier fractions are less valuable Larger molecules can be broken down to smaller-this is known as Cracking

 Large hydrocarbons are broken into smaller molecules using heat and a catalyst. This process is known as catalytic cracking. The small molecules produced are then separated by distillation. Catalytic cracker Heat to vaporise Distillation tower pressure Big Molecules Smaller molecules Molecules break up Cracking

The amount of each type of fraction obtained by fractional distillation does not usually match the amount of each fraction that is needed. Crude oil often contains more heavier fractions than lighter fractions, which are more useful and therefore more desirable. The large hydrocarbon molecules in the heavier fractions can be broken down into smaller, more useful, molecules to meet demand for raw materials for fuels and plastics. Cracking

 In the catalytic cracker long chain molecules are ‘cracked’. An example of such a reaction is: C 8 H 18  C 6 H 14 + C 2 H 4 + ethene Octane hexane Ethene is used to make plastics Heat pressure catalyst Used as a fuel Example of cracking

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